What do systematic reviews say?

Calcium channel blockers vs placebo/no treatment

• Antihypertensive treatment for kidney transplant recipients 2009 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  18 studies · 1119 participants
  Moderate

Calcium channel blockers vs placebo/no treatment

Calcium channel blockers showed no clear difference in acute rejection compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

• Antihypertensive treatment for kidney transplant recipients 2009 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.85, 1.23]
  11 studies · 771 participants
  Low

Calcium channel blockers vs placebo/no treatment

Calcium channel blockers showed no clear difference in withdrawal due to side effects compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

• Antihypertensive treatment for kidney transplant recipients 2009 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.99 [0.53, 1.87]
  2 studies · 156 participants
  Low

Calcium channel blockers vs placebo/no treatment

• Antihypertensive treatment for kidney transplant recipients 2009 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 90 participants
  Low

Calcium channel blockers vs placebo/no treatment

• Antihypertensive treatment for kidney transplant recipients 2009 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 590 participants
  Very low

CPP-ACP vs Pre-treatment (baseline, same group)

Compared with baseline, CPP-ACP significantly improved white spot lesions on QLF (SMD -0.43, 95% CI -0.79 to -0.07; ungraded).

• Evaluation of the efficacy of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate on remineralization of white spot… 2019 All outcomes

  4 weeks to 1 year · Clinical (patients with white spot lesions) · CPP-ACP vs baseline
  SMD -0.43 [-0.79, -0.07]
  2 studies · 62 participants
  GRADE not reported

Calcium vs placebo or usual care

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: Calcium changes death (all causes) compared with placebo/usual care (very low certainty).

• Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.46 [0.05, 4.32]
  1 study · 110 participants
  Very low

Calcium vs placebo or usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Calcium vs placebo or usual care

Summary of findings: Calcium may leads to higher hypercalcaemia compared with placebo/usual care (low certainty).

• Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 7.28 [1.64, 32.2]
  3 studies · 215 participants
  Low

Calcium vs placebo or usual care

Summary of findings: Calcium showed no clear difference in nausea compared with placebo/usual care (low certainty).

• Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.58 [0.15, 2.18]
  2 studies · 197 participants
  Low

Calcium vs placebo or usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Calcium vs placebo or usual care

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: Calcium changes constipation compared with placebo/usual care (very low certainty).

• Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.44 [0.32, 18.4]
  2 studies · 197 participants
  Very low

Calcium vs placebo or usual care

• Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 151 participants
  Very low

Calcium vs placebo or usual care

• Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 60 participants
  Very low

CPP-ACP vs Placebo paste without CPP-ACP (fluoride toothpaste control)

CPP-ACP toothpaste did not differ significantly from placebo paste (fluoride control) for white spot lesion remineralization on QLF (MD 0.08, 95% CI -0.91 to 1.08; ungraded).

• Evaluation of the efficacy of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate on remineralization of white spot… 2019 All outcomes

  4 weeks to 1 year · Clinical (patients with white spot lesions)
  MD 0.08 [-0.91, 1.08]
  2 studies · 129 participants
  GRADE not reported

Pair‐wise comparison of exchange blood transfusion (EBT) plus 10% calcium gluconate intravenously vs EBT alone (change from baseline)

• Prophylactic intravenous calcium therapy for exchange blood transfusion in the newborn 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 30 participants
  Low

Pair‐wise comparison of exchange blood transfusion (EBT) plus 10% calcium gluconate intravenously vs EBT alone (change from baseline)

• Prophylactic intravenous calcium therapy for exchange blood transfusion in the newborn 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 30 participants
  Very low

Pair‐wise comparison of exchange blood transfusion (EBT) plus 10% calcium gluconate intravenously vs EBT alone (change from baseline)

• Prophylactic intravenous calcium therapy for exchange blood transfusion in the newborn 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 30 participants
  Very low

Calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement vs Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)

MTA and CEM performed comparably for clinical and radiographic success (2 RCTs, not pooled; ungraded).

• Comparative efficacy of materials used in patients undergoing pulpotomy or direct pulp capping in carious teeth: A… 2023 All outcomes

  ≥6 months follow-up · Dental/endodontic clinical settings across multiple countries (university, hospital, specialist and general dental practice); permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure
  CEM vs MTA was investigated in 2 RCTs (Asgary 2017; Nosrat 2013) for the primary outcome; not pooled owing to heterogeneity. The per-trial forest plots (Figure 8) indicated MTA performed comparably to CEM. Weak evidence.
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

Life (calcium hydroxide pulp-capping material) vs Zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE)

• Pulp management for caries in adults: maintaining pulp vitality 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes

  12 months · Complete caries removal
  Analysis 2.2 (clinical symptoms at 12 months following complete caries removal, Life vs Cavitec). Fitzgerald 1991: 151 teeth in 55 patients (analysis at tooth level, not patient level); substantial attrition (11 teeth…
  1 study · 151 participants
  GRADE not reported