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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
726 questions in 98 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 100%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Physical breastfeeding support interventions (electric or manual breast pump) vs usual care (no pump) Exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months · women with a pre‐pregnancy BMI > 29 kg/m², who were intending to breastfeed, had no history of breast surgery, who… Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Physical breastfeeding support interventions (electric or manual breast pump) vs usual care (no pump) Any breastfeeding at 6 months · women with a pre‐pregnancy BMI > 29 kg/m², who were intending to breastfeed, had no history of breast surgery, who… Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values Maternal Hypoglycaemia ‐ not reported · women with gestational diabetes mellitus and their babies Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values Development of T2DM in mother ‐ not reported · women with gestational diabetes mellitus and their babies Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Immersion in water vs no immersion during second stage of labour Use of analgesia (regional) · women in labour Immersion in water during labour and birth (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Immersion in water vs no immersion during second stage of labour Perineal trauma (third‐ or fourth‐degree tears) · women in labour Immersion in water during labour and birth (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Immersion in water vs no immersion during second stage of labour Estimated blood loss (mL) · women in labour Immersion in water during labour and birth (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Immersion in water vs no immersion during first stage of labour Perinatal death · women in labour Immersion in water during labour and birth (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any antihypertensive drug vs no antihypertensive drugs/placebo Maternal · women with mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any antihypertensive drug vs no antihypertensive drugs/placebo Fetal/neonatal/infant · women with mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any antihypertensive drug vs no antihypertensive drugs/placebo Fetal/neonatal/infant · women with mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any antihypertensive drug vs no antihypertensive drugs/placebo Maternal · women with mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Interventionist care vs expectant (delayed delivery) care Stroke (brain damage) · women with severe pre‐eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre‐eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Diabetes · children of women randomised to omega‐3 or no omega‐3 during pregnancy Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Costs · pregnant women and their infants Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral ergot alkaloids vs no uterotonic agents Maternal haemoglobin concentration at 24 to 48 hours postpartum (g/dL) · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral ergot alkaloids vs no uterotonic agents Elevation of blood pressure · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral ergot alkaloids vs no uterotonic agents Pain after birth requiring analgesia (not prespecified) · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Maternal satisfaction with analgesia, maternal pain score or pain measured in labour, additional analgesia, epidural Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Opioids versus TENS Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Upright position vs recumbent position Maternal outcomes · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia Maternal position in the second stage of labour for women with epidural anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Upright position vs recumbent position Infant outcomes · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia Maternal position in the second stage of labour for women with epidural anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Warm pack vs usual care Sense of control in labour — not reported · women in labour Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Warm pack vs usual care Satisfaction with childbirth experience — not reported · women in labour Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Warm pack vs usual care Assisted vaginal birth — not reported · women in labour Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Warm pack vs usual care Caesarean section — not reported · women in labour Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Warm pack vs usual care Use of pharmacological pain relief — not reported · women in labour Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Thermal manual methods vs usual care Sense of control in labour — not reported · women in labour Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Thermal manual methods vs usual care Satisfaction with childbirth experience — not reported · women in labour Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Thermal manual methods vs usual care Caesarean section — not reported · women in labour Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Thermal manual methods vs usual care Use of pharmacological pain relief — not reported · women in labour Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Massage vs music Sense of control in labour — not reported · women in labour Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Massage vs music Satisfaction with childbirth experience — not reported · women in labour Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Massage vs music Assisted vaginal birth — not reported · women in labour Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Massage vs music Caesarean section — not reported · women in labour Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Massage vs music Length of labour — not reported · women in labour Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Yoga vs control Sense of control in labour · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Yoga vs control Breastfeeding · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Yoga vs control Assisted vaginal birth · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Yoga vs control Caesarean section · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Music vs control Satisfaction with pain relief · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Music vs control Sense of control in labour · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Music vs control Satisfaction with childbirth experience · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Music vs control Breastfeeding · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Relaxation vs usual care Sense of control in labour · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Relaxation vs usual care Breastfeeding · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for selective ß2‐adrenergic agonist vs no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery Perinatal death or severe morbidity · women with fetal distress for whom the decision had been made to delivery by emergency caesarean section Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for IV fenoterol bromhydrate vs emergency delivery Perinatal death or severe morbidity · women with a non‐reassuring fetal heart trace during labour but without uterine tachysystole Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for IV fenoterol bromhydrate vs emergency delivery Fetal or neonatal mortality · women with a non‐reassuring fetal heart trace during labour but without uterine tachysystole Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for IV fenoterol bromhydrate vs emergency delivery Abnormal FHR tracing · women with a non‐reassuring fetal heart trace during labour but without uterine tachysystole Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |