Gap finder

Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Every word you type has to appear somewhere in the question, and the closest matches are ranked first.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

15,213 questions in 2,394 reviews

current versions
No studies 15,213 · 100%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Bamlanivimab vs placebo
Development of clinical COVID‐19 symptoms within 30 days · SARS‐CoV‐2 uninfected people without defined exposure, or with potential exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2
SARS‐CoV‐2‐neutralising monoclonal antibodies to prevent COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Bamlanivimab vs placebo
Admission to hospital within 30 days · SARS‐CoV‐2 uninfected people without defined exposure, or with potential exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2
SARS‐CoV‐2‐neutralising monoclonal antibodies to prevent COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Bamlanivimab vs placebo
Quality of life at longest · SARS‐CoV‐2 uninfected people without defined exposure, or with potential exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2
SARS‐CoV‐2‐neutralising monoclonal antibodies to prevent COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Bamlanivimab vs placebo
Adverse events: grade 1 to 2 · SARS‐CoV‐2 uninfected people without defined exposure, or with potential exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2
SARS‐CoV‐2‐neutralising monoclonal antibodies to prevent COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Bamlanivimab vs placebo
Adverse events: grade 3 to 4 · SARS‐CoV‐2 uninfected people without defined exposure, or with potential exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2
SARS‐CoV‐2‐neutralising monoclonal antibodies to prevent COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Casirivimab/imdevimab vs placebo
Outcomes · SARS‐CoV‐2 uninfected people without defined exposure, or with potential exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2
SARS‐CoV‐2‐neutralising monoclonal antibodies to prevent COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Casirivimab/imdevimab vs placebo
Quality of life at longest · SARS‐CoV‐2 uninfected people without defined exposure, or with potential exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2
SARS‐CoV‐2‐neutralising monoclonal antibodies to prevent COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Casirivimab/imdevimab vs placebo
Adverse events: grade 1 to 2 · SARS‐CoV‐2 uninfected people without defined exposure, or with potential exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2
SARS‐CoV‐2‐neutralising monoclonal antibodies to prevent COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Tixagevimab/cilgavimab vs placebo
Quality of life at longest · SARS‐CoV‐2 uninfected people without defined exposure, or with potential exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2
SARS‐CoV‐2‐neutralising monoclonal antibodies to prevent COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Tixagevimab/cilgavimab vs placebo
Adverse events: grade 1 to 2 · SARS‐CoV‐2 uninfected people without defined exposure, or with potential exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2
SARS‐CoV‐2‐neutralising monoclonal antibodies to prevent COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Tixagevimab/cilgavimab vs placebo
Adverse events: grade 3 to 4 within 6 months · SARS‐CoV‐2 uninfected people without defined exposure, or with potential exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2
SARS‐CoV‐2‐neutralising monoclonal antibodies to prevent COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ Methylprednisolone vs dexamethasone
All‐cause mortality up to 120 days ‐ not reported · hospitalised and unvaccinated individuals with a confirmed or suspected diagnosis of symptomatic COVID‐19
Systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19: Equity‐related analyses and update on evidence (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ Methylprednisolone vs dexamethasone
Clinical improvement: discharged alive ‐ not reported · hospitalised and unvaccinated individuals with a confirmed or suspected diagnosis of symptomatic COVID‐19
Systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19: Equity‐related analyses and update on evidence (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ Methylprednisolone vs dexamethasone
Clinical worsening: new need for invasive mechanical ventilation or death ‐ not reported · hospitalised and unvaccinated individuals with a confirmed or suspected diagnosis of symptomatic COVID‐19
Systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19: Equity‐related analyses and update on evidence (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ Methylprednisolone vs dexamethasone
Serious adverse events ‐ not reported · hospitalised and unvaccinated individuals with a confirmed or suspected diagnosis of symptomatic COVID‐19
Systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19: Equity‐related analyses and update on evidence (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ Methylprednisolone vs dexamethasone
Adverse events ‐ not reported · hospitalised and unvaccinated individuals with a confirmed or suspected diagnosis of symptomatic COVID‐19
Systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19: Equity‐related analyses and update on evidence (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ Methylprednisolone vs dexamethasone
Hospital‐acquired infections ‐ not reported · hospitalised and unvaccinated individuals with a confirmed or suspected diagnosis of symptomatic COVID‐19
Systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19: Equity‐related analyses and update on evidence (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ Methylprednisolone vs dexamethasone
Invasive fungal infections ‐ not reported · hospitalised and unvaccinated individuals with a confirmed or suspected diagnosis of symptomatic COVID‐19
Systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19: Equity‐related analyses and update on evidence (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ High‐dose dexamethasone (12 mg or higher) vs low‐dose dexamethasone (6 mg to 8 mg)
Clinical worsening: new need for invasive mechanical ventilation or death ‐ not reported · hospitalised individuals with unknown vaccination status and a confirmed diagnosis of symptomatic COVID‐19
Systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19: Equity‐related analyses and update on evidence (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Improvement of clinical status: time to symptom resolution · all trials contributing results to the summary of findings table included people with mild disease (WHO scale 1 to 3)§
Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
QoL at longest · people with moderate to severe disease (WHO scale 4–9); all trials contributing results to the summary of findings…
Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Large‐volume residual disease (LVRD) > 1 cm vs no macroscopic residual disease (NMRD)
Progression‐free survival · women with advanced EOC after primary IDS
Impact of residual disease as a prognostic factor for survival in women with advanced epithelial ovarian… (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Steroids vs cyclosporine A
Adverse effect: new cataract formation · people with dry eye
Topical corticosteroids for dry eye (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Steroids vs lubricants
Change in patient‐reported quality of life scores · people with dry eye
Topical corticosteroids for dry eye (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Steroids vs cyclosporine A
Change in patient‐reported quality of life scores · people with dry eye
Topical corticosteroids for dry eye (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Mask vs prongs
Neurodevelopmental impairment · preterm infants receiving nasal CPAP
Masks versus prongs as interfaces for nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention vs regular salt
Hypertension ‐ not measured · children (2 to < 18 years) in the general population
Replacing salt with low‐sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and… (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention vs regular salt
Blood pressure control ‐ not measured · children (2 to < 18 years) in the general population
Replacing salt with low‐sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and… (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention vs regular salt
Change in blood potassium (mmol/L) ‐ not measured · children (2 to < 18 years) in the general population
Replacing salt with low‐sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and… (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention vs regular salt
Hyperkalaemia ‐ not measured · children (2 to < 18 years) in the general population
Replacing salt with low‐sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and… (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention vs regular salt
Hypokalaemia ‐ not measured · children (2 to < 18 years) in the general population
Replacing salt with low‐sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and… (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
JAK inhibitors plus standard of care vs standard of care (plus/minus placebo)
Outcomes(Time frame of absolute effects) · hospitalised people with confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
Janus kinase inhibitors for the treatment of COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Canakinumab vs standard care/placebo
Clinical improvement D60 or above
Interleukin‐1 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Canakinumab vs standard care/placebo
WHO Clinical Progression Score of level 7 or above D60 or above
Interleukin‐1 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Fluvoxamine plus standard care vs placebo plus standard care
Symptom resolution · symptomatic people with COVID‐19
Fluvoxamine for the treatment of COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Fluvoxamine plus standard care vs placebo plus standard care
Quality of life (at longest · symptomatic people with COVID‐19
Fluvoxamine for the treatment of COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Fluvoxamine plus standard care vs placebo plus standard care
Suicide or suicide attempt (at longest · symptomatic people with COVID‐19
Fluvoxamine for the treatment of COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
BNT162b2 – Pfizer/BioNTech + Fosun Pharma vs placebo
Confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infectionÂ
Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
FINLAY‐FR‐2 – Instituto Finlay de Vacunas vs placebo
Systemic reactogenicity events
Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
FINLAY‐FR‐2 – Instituto Finlay de Vacunas vs placebo
Any adverse event
Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
FINLAY‐FR‐2 – Instituto Finlay de Vacunas vs placebo
Serious adverse events
Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
FINLAY‐FR‐2 – Instituto Finlay de Vacunas vs placebo
Local reactogenicity events
Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Heterologous vaccination scheme vs homologous vaccination scheme
Confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Heterologous vaccination scheme vs homologous vaccination scheme
Confirmed symptomatic COVID‐19
Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Heterologous vaccination scheme vs homologous vaccination scheme
Severe or critical COVID‐19
Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Heterologous vaccination scheme vs homologous vaccination scheme
All‐cause mortalityÂ
Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Booster vs placebo/no booster
Confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Booster vs placebo/no booster
Confirmed symptomatic COVID‐19
Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Booster vs placebo/no booster
Severe or critical COVID‐19
Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Booster vs placebo/no booster
Any adverse event
Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies