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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
15,213 questions in 2,394 reviews
current versionsNo studies 15,213 · 100%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Talking therapies or stress management vs placebo or no treatment CI: confidence interval · adults with PPPD Non‐pharmacological interventions for persistent postural‐perceptual dizziness (PPPD) (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vestibular rehabilitation vs placebo or no treatment Improvement in vertigo at 3 to ≤ 6 months · adults with PPPD Non‐pharmacological interventions for persistent postural‐perceptual dizziness (PPPD) (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vestibular rehabilitation vs placebo or no treatment Change in vertigo at 3 to ≤ 6 months · adults with PPPD Non‐pharmacological interventions for persistent postural‐perceptual dizziness (PPPD) (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Potency/bioactivity parameters of human insulin · healthy physicians Thermal stability and storage of human insulin (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Diabetic ketoacidosis · healthy physicians Thermal stability and storage of human insulin (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Hypoglycaemic episodes · healthy physicians Thermal stability and storage of human insulin (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Adverse events · healthy physicians Thermal stability and storage of human insulin (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Health‐related quality of life · healthy physicians Thermal stability and storage of human insulin (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR HbA1c · healthy physicians Thermal stability and storage of human insulin (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Viral clearance at 14 days · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression… Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Participants with new need for invasive mechanical ventilation or death · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Participants discharged alive. Participants should be discharged without clinical deterioration or death · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Quality of life up to 28 days and longest · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR SAEs during the study period · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Any grade TEAE · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Any grade TRAE · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Discontinuation of study drug due to adverse events · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Viral clearance · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Admission to ICU or death · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression… Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR All initial symptoms resolved at 28 days, and up to the longest · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression… Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Time to symptom resolution · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression… Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Quality of life up to 28 days and longest · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression… Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Caffeine vs other methylxanthines Seizures (clinically diagnosed) · preterm infants Caffeine versus other methylxanthines for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Caffeine vs other methylxanthines Moderate to severe neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 26 months · preterm infants Caffeine versus other methylxanthines for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Caffeine vs other methylxanthines a) Cerebral palsy · preterm infants Caffeine versus other methylxanthines for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Caffeine vs other methylxanthines b) Gross motor disability defined as ≥ level 2 according to the GMFCS · preterm infants Caffeine versus other methylxanthines for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Caffeine vs other methylxanthines d) Mental development IQ > 2 SD below the mean · preterm infants Caffeine versus other methylxanthines for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Early vs late tracheostomy Evidence from RCTs · hospitalized, mechanically ventilated adults with confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection Early versus late tracheostomy in critically ill COVID‐19 patients (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Early vs late tracheostomy Mortality · hospitalized, mechanically ventilated adults with confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection Early versus late tracheostomy in critically ill COVID‐19 patients (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Early vs late tracheostomy Need for renal replacement therapy · hospitalized, mechanically ventilated adults with confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection Early versus late tracheostomy in critically ill COVID‐19 patients (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Early vs late tracheostomy Evidence from NRSIs · hospitalized, mechanically ventilated adults with confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection Early versus late tracheostomy in critically ill COVID‐19 patients (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lateral decubitus position vs prone position Episodes of bradycardia, defined as a fall in heart rate of more than 30% below the baseline or less than 100 beats per minute for 10 seconds or longer— not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants Positioning for lumbar puncture in newborn infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lateral decubitus position vs prone position Time to perform the lumbar puncture—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants Positioning for lumbar puncture in newborn infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lateral decubitus position vs prone position Episodes of desaturation, defined as a decrease of SpO2 to less than 80%, with no minimum duration specified—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants Positioning for lumbar puncture in newborn infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lateral decubitus position vs prone position Apnea: number of episodes (defined as interruption of breathing for more than 20 seconds) during the procedure—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants Positioning for lumbar puncture in newborn infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lateral decubitus position vs prone position Apnea: number of infants with 1 or more episodes (defined as interruption of breathing for more than 20 seconds) during the procedure—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants Positioning for lumbar puncture in newborn infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lateral decubitus position vs sitting position Total number of lumbar puncture attempts (successful or unsuccessful)—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants Positioning for lumbar puncture in newborn infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lateral decubitus position vs sitting position Apnea: number of infants with 1 or more episodes (defined as interruption of breathing for more than 20 seconds) during the procedure—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants Positioning for lumbar puncture in newborn infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lateral decubitus position vs prone position Total number of lumbar puncture attempts—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants Positioning for lumbar puncture in newborn infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Topical anesthetics vs placebo or no intervention Apnea: number of episodesduring the procedure · newborn infants undergoing lumbar puncture Pharmacological interventions for the management of pain and discomfort during lumbar puncture in newborn… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings. Peer reviewer training vs standard journal practice or no training Bibliometric scores · peer reviewers Reviewer training for improving grant and journal peer review (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CAD/CAM nitinol fixed (bonded) retainer vs Conventional/analogue multistrand fixed (bonded) retainer Adverse effects on oral health: bleeding on probing (lower arch) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment · 12 months, lower arch Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces (2023) · Cochrane | No RCTs at 12-month follow-up; 2 RCTs at 6 months found no difference (low-certainty) | 0 studies | No studies |
Superselective neck dissection vs Selective neck dissection Total mortality · Adults with oral cavity cancer (tongue or floor of mouth) and clinically negative neck nodes Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers: surgical treatment (2023) · Cochrane | Total mortality: not reported. | 0 studies | No studies |
Light-emitting diode (LED) photobiomodulation vs Conventional orthodontic appliance treatment Total number of orthodontic appliance adjustment appointments during treatment · Adolescents and adults with malocclusion undergoing fixed orthodontic appliance treatment Non‐surgical adjunctive interventions for accelerating tooth movement in patients undergoing orthodontic… (2023) · Cochrane | Total number of orthodontic appliance adjustment appointments required during treatment stage | Not reported | NR | No studies |
Supraomohyoid neck dissection vs Modified radical neck dissection Disease-free survival · Adults with oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers: surgical treatment (2023) · Cochrane | Disease-free survival: not reported (Guo 2014 reported disease-specific survival, not a review outcome). | 0 studies | No studies |
Full-time clear plastic (removable) retainer vs Any type of fixed (bonded) retainer Patient satisfaction: discomfort/pain (lower arch) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment · 12 months, lower arch Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces (2023) · Cochrane | No studies measured or reported this outcome | 0 studies | No studies |
Surgery plus adjuvant radiotherapy vs Chemotherapy (chemoradiotherapy) Recurrence · Adults with oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer · oral cavity Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers: surgical treatment (2023) · Cochrane | Recurrence: not reported for the oral cancer subgroup (Iyer 2015). | 0 studies | No studies |
Fibre-reinforced composite fixed (bonded) retainer vs Multistrand / spiral wire fixed (bonded) retainer Survival: mean survival time (lower arch, months) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment · 12 months, lower arch Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces (2023) · Cochrane | No RCTs at 12-month follow-up; 2 RCTs at 24 months: earlier failures with fibre-reinforced composite (MD -1.48, 95% CI -1.88 to -1.08; very low-certainty) | 0 studies | No studies |
Surgery vs Radiotherapy alone Recurrence · Adults with oropharyngeal cancer Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers: surgical treatment (2023) · Cochrane | Recurrence: not reported. | 0 studies | No studies |
Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) vs Any (current minimally invasive techniques) Not applicable (no eligible studies) · Adults with coronal (crown) dental caries in permanent teeth A systematic review on the effect of silver diamine fluoride for management of dental caries in permanent… (2023) | The review states there was a lack of studies on the effects of SDF on coronal caries in adults; included adult studies addressed only root caries. | 0 studies | No studies |