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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

15,213 questions in 2,394 reviews

current versions
No studies 15,213 · 100%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Talking therapies or stress management vs placebo or no treatment
CI: confidence interval · adults with PPPD
Non‐pharmacological interventions for persistent postural‐perceptual dizziness (PPPD) (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Vestibular rehabilitation vs placebo or no treatment
Improvement in vertigo at 3 to ≤ 6 months · adults with PPPD
Non‐pharmacological interventions for persistent postural‐perceptual dizziness (PPPD) (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Vestibular rehabilitation vs placebo or no treatment
Change in vertigo at 3 to ≤ 6 months · adults with PPPD
Non‐pharmacological interventions for persistent postural‐perceptual dizziness (PPPD) (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Potency/bioactivity parameters of human insulin · healthy physicians
Thermal stability and storage of human insulin (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Diabetic ketoacidosis · healthy physicians
Thermal stability and storage of human insulin (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Hypoglycaemic episodes · healthy physicians
Thermal stability and storage of human insulin (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Adverse events · healthy physicians
Thermal stability and storage of human insulin (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Health‐related quality of life · healthy physicians
Thermal stability and storage of human insulin (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
HbA1c · healthy physicians
Thermal stability and storage of human insulin (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Viral clearance at 14 days · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression…
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Participants with new need for invasive mechanical ventilation or death · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Participants discharged alive. Participants should be discharged without clinical deterioration or death · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Quality of life up to 28 days and longest · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
SAEs during the study period · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Any grade TEAE · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Any grade TRAE · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Discontinuation of study drug due to adverse events · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Viral clearance · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Admission to ICU or death · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression…
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
All initial symptoms resolved at 28 days, and up to the longest · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression…
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Time to symptom resolution · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression…
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Quality of life up to 28 days and longest · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression…
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Caffeine vs other methylxanthines
Seizures (clinically diagnosed) · preterm infants
Caffeine versus other methylxanthines for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Caffeine vs other methylxanthines
Moderate to severe neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 26 months · preterm infants
Caffeine versus other methylxanthines for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Caffeine vs other methylxanthines
a) Cerebral palsy · preterm infants
Caffeine versus other methylxanthines for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Caffeine vs other methylxanthines
b) Gross motor disability defined as ≥ level 2 according to the GMFCS · preterm infants
Caffeine versus other methylxanthines for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Caffeine vs other methylxanthines
d) Mental development IQ > 2 SD below the mean · preterm infants
Caffeine versus other methylxanthines for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Early vs late tracheostomy
Evidence from RCTs · hospitalized, mechanically ventilated adults with confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
Early versus late tracheostomy in critically ill COVID‐19 patients (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Early vs late tracheostomy
Mortality · hospitalized, mechanically ventilated adults with confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
Early versus late tracheostomy in critically ill COVID‐19 patients (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Early vs late tracheostomy
Need for renal replacement therapy · hospitalized, mechanically ventilated adults with confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
Early versus late tracheostomy in critically ill COVID‐19 patients (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Early vs late tracheostomy
Evidence from NRSIs · hospitalized, mechanically ventilated adults with confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
Early versus late tracheostomy in critically ill COVID‐19 patients (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Lateral decubitus position vs prone position
Episodes of bradycardia, defined as a fall in heart rate of more than 30% below the baseline or less than 100 beats per minute for 10 seconds or longer— not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants
Positioning for lumbar puncture in newborn infants (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Lateral decubitus position vs prone position
Time to perform the lumbar puncture—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants
Positioning for lumbar puncture in newborn infants (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Lateral decubitus position vs prone position
Episodes of desaturation, defined as a decrease of SpO2 to less than 80%, with no minimum duration specified—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants
Positioning for lumbar puncture in newborn infants (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Lateral decubitus position vs prone position
Apnea: number of episodes (defined as interruption of breathing for more than 20 seconds) during the procedure—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants
Positioning for lumbar puncture in newborn infants (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Lateral decubitus position vs prone position
Apnea: number of infants with 1 or more episodes (defined as interruption of breathing for more than 20 seconds) during the procedure—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants
Positioning for lumbar puncture in newborn infants (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Lateral decubitus position vs sitting position
Total number of lumbar puncture attempts (successful or unsuccessful)—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants
Positioning for lumbar puncture in newborn infants (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Lateral decubitus position vs sitting position
Apnea: number of infants with 1 or more episodes (defined as interruption of breathing for more than 20 seconds) during the procedure—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants
Positioning for lumbar puncture in newborn infants (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Lateral decubitus position vs prone position
Total number of lumbar puncture attempts—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants
Positioning for lumbar puncture in newborn infants (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Topical anesthetics vs placebo or no intervention
Apnea: number of episodesduring the procedure · newborn infants undergoing lumbar puncture
Pharmacological interventions for the management of pain and discomfort during lumbar puncture in newborn… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings. Peer reviewer training vs standard journal practice or no training
Bibliometric scores · peer reviewers
Reviewer training for improving grant and journal peer review (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
CAD/CAM nitinol fixed (bonded) retainer vs Conventional/analogue multistrand fixed (bonded) retainer
Adverse effects on oral health: bleeding on probing (lower arch) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment · 12 months, lower arch
Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces (2023) · Cochrane
No RCTs at 12-month follow-up; 2 RCTs at 6 months found no difference (low-certainty)0 studiesNo studies
Superselective neck dissection vs Selective neck dissection
Total mortality · Adults with oral cavity cancer (tongue or floor of mouth) and clinically negative neck nodes
Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers: surgical treatment (2023) · Cochrane
Total mortality: not reported.0 studiesNo studies
Light-emitting diode (LED) photobiomodulation vs Conventional orthodontic appliance treatment
Total number of orthodontic appliance adjustment appointments during treatment · Adolescents and adults with malocclusion undergoing fixed orthodontic appliance treatment
Non‐surgical adjunctive interventions for accelerating tooth movement in patients undergoing orthodontic… (2023) · Cochrane
Total number of orthodontic appliance adjustment appointments required during treatment stage | Not reportedNRNo studies
Supraomohyoid neck dissection vs Modified radical neck dissection
Disease-free survival · Adults with oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer
Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers: surgical treatment (2023) · Cochrane
Disease-free survival: not reported (Guo 2014 reported disease-specific survival, not a review outcome).0 studiesNo studies
Full-time clear plastic (removable) retainer vs Any type of fixed (bonded) retainer
Patient satisfaction: discomfort/pain (lower arch) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment · 12 months, lower arch
Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces (2023) · Cochrane
No studies measured or reported this outcome0 studiesNo studies
Surgery plus adjuvant radiotherapy vs Chemotherapy (chemoradiotherapy)
Recurrence · Adults with oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer · oral cavity
Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers: surgical treatment (2023) · Cochrane
Recurrence: not reported for the oral cancer subgroup (Iyer 2015).0 studiesNo studies
Fibre-reinforced composite fixed (bonded) retainer vs Multistrand / spiral wire fixed (bonded) retainer
Survival: mean survival time (lower arch, months) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment · 12 months, lower arch
Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces (2023) · Cochrane
No RCTs at 12-month follow-up; 2 RCTs at 24 months: earlier failures with fibre-reinforced composite (MD -1.48, 95% CI -1.88 to -1.08; very low-certainty)0 studiesNo studies
Surgery vs Radiotherapy alone
Recurrence · Adults with oropharyngeal cancer
Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers: surgical treatment (2023) · Cochrane
Recurrence: not reported.0 studiesNo studies
Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) vs Any (current minimally invasive techniques)
Not applicable (no eligible studies) · Adults with coronal (crown) dental caries in permanent teeth
A systematic review on the effect of silver diamine fluoride for management of dental caries in permanent… (2023)
The review states there was a lack of studies on the effects of SDF on coronal caries in adults; included adult studies addressed only root caries.0 studiesNo studies