Search review questions

Major neurodevelopmental disability in children aged 18 to 24 months or three to five years old ‐ not reported · postoperative pain in neonates

Cognitive and educational outcomes in children more than five years old ‐ not reported · postoperative pain in neonates

Severe (defined as stage 3 or greater) retinopathy of prematurity ‐ not reported · postoperative pain in neonates

Severe (grade 3 or greater) intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) on cranial ultrasound ‐ not reported · postoperative pain in neonates

All‐cause mortality during initial hospitalization ‐ not reported · postoperative pain in neonates

Major neurodevelopmental disability in children aged 18 to 24 months or three to five years old ‐ not reported · postoperative pain in neonates

Cognitive and educational outcomes in children more than five years old ‐ not reported · postoperative pain in neonates

Severe (defined as stage 3 or greater) retinopathy of prematurity ‐ not reported · postoperative pain in neonates

Severe (grade 3 or greater) intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) on cranial ultrasound ‐ not reported · postoperative pain in neonates

Pain · postoperative pain in neonates

All‐cause mortality during initial hospitalization ‐ not reported · postoperative pain in neonates

Parent satisfaction with care provided in the NICU (as measured by a validated instrument/tool)—not reported · neonates exposed to procedural pain

Any harms · neonates exposed to procedural pain

Episodes of bradycardia—not reported · neonates exposed to procedural pain

Episodes of apnea—not reported · neonates exposed to procedural pain

Hypotension—not reported · neonates exposed to procedural pain

Parent satisfaction with care provided in the NICU—not reported · neonates exposed to procedural pain

Any harms · procedural pain in neonates

Episodes of bradycardia—not reported · procedural pain in neonates

Parent satisfaction with care provided in the NICU—not reported · procedural pain in neonates

Neurodevelopmental impairment · preterm infants receiving nasal CPAP

Pain score assessed up to 10 minutes after the procedure · Procedural pain in neonates

Episodes of bradycardia, defined as a fall in heart rate of more than 30% below the baseline or less than 100 beats per minute for 10 seconds or longer, occurring during the procedure · Procedural pain in neonates

Episodes of apnea (mean rates of apnea), occurring during the procedure · Procedural pain in neonates

Hypotension requiring medical therapy (vasopressors or fluid boluses), occurring during the procedure · Procedural pain in neonates

Pain score assessed up to 10 minutes after the procedure · Procedural pain in neonates

Episodes of bradycardia, defined as a fall in heart rate of more than 30% below the baseline or less than 100 beats per minute for 10 seconds or longer, occurring during the procedure · Procedural pain in neonates

Seizures (clinically diagnosed) · preterm infants

Moderate to severe neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 26 months · preterm infants

a) Cerebral palsy · preterm infants

b) Gross motor disability defined as ≥ level 2 according to the GMFCS · preterm infants

d) Mental development IQ > 2 SD below the mean · preterm infants

Episodes of bradycardia, defined as a fall in heart rate of more than 30% below the baseline or less than 100 beats per minute for 10 seconds or longer— not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

Time to perform the lumbar puncture—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

Episodes of desaturation, defined as a decrease of SpO2 to less than 80%, with no minimum duration specified—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

Apnea: number of episodes (defined as interruption of breathing for more than 20 seconds) during the procedure—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

Apnea: number of infants with 1 or more episodes (defined as interruption of breathing for more than 20 seconds) during the procedure—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

Total number of lumbar puncture attempts (successful or unsuccessful)—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

Apnea: number of infants with 1 or more episodes (defined as interruption of breathing for more than 20 seconds) during the procedure—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

Total number of lumbar puncture attempts—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

Apnea: number of episodesduring the procedure · newborn infants undergoing lumbar puncture

All‐cause mortality during initial hospital stay (by clinical assessment) · preterm or low birth weight infants with PDA

Necrotizing enterocolitis during initial hospital stay (by radiological diagnosis) · preterm or low birth weight infants with PDA

All‐cause mortality during initial hospital stay (by clinical assessment) · preterm or low birth weight infants with PDA

All‐cause mortality during initial hospital stay (by clinical assessment) · preterm or low birth weight infants with PDA

Necrotizing enterocolitis during initial hospital stay (by radiological diagnosis) · preterm infants with PDA

Need for exchange transfusion · term and preterm neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia

Bilirubin‐induced neurological damage (BIND) · term and preterm neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) · term and preterm neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia

Neurodevelopmental impairment (assessed beyond infancy) · very preterm or very low birth weight infants