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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
601 questions in 75 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 100%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
ECT alone vs antipsychotics Response to treatment Clinically significant response to treatment as defined by each study · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ECT alone vs antipsychotics Cognitive functioning Clinically important change in cognitive functioning as defined by each study · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ECT alone vs antipsychotics Satisfaction and acceptability of treatment ‐ leaving the study early · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ECT alone vs antipsychotics Service use ‐ hospitalisation · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ECT alone vs antipsychotics Adverse event/effect(s) ‐ death · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ECT plus standard care vs sham‐ECT plus standard care Satisfaction and acceptability of treatment ‐ leaving the study early · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ECT plus standard care vs sham‐ECT plus standard care General functioning Clinically important change in general functioning as defined by each study · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ECT plus standard care vs sham‐ECT plus standard care Adverse event/effect(s) ‐ death · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ECT plus standard care vs antipsychotics plus standard care Cognitive functioning Clinically important change in cognitive functioning as defined by each study · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Aspirin plus antipsychotics vs placebo plus antipsychotics Cognitive functioning: clinically important change in cognitive functioning · people with schizophrenia Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) for schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Aspirin plus antipsychotics vs placebo plus antipsychotics Quality of life: clinically important change · people with schizophrenia Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) for schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life measures · patients with antipsychotic‐induced TD Gamma‐aminobutyric acid agonists for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Benzodiazepines vs phenobarbital (as active placebo) Adverse effect: extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ not reported · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Benzodiazepines for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Benzodiazepines vs phenobarbital (as active placebo) Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life ‐ not measured · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Benzodiazepines for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Benzodiazepines vs placebo Adverse effect: any adverse event · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Benzodiazepines for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Benzodiazepines vs placebo Adverse effect: no clinically significant extrapyramidal adverse effects · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Benzodiazepines for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Benzodiazepines vs placebo Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life ‐ not reported · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Benzodiazepines for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Benzodiazepines vs phenobarbital (as active placebo) Tardive dyskinesia: deterioration in symptoms ‐ not measured · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Benzodiazepines for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Tardive dyskinesia ‐ deterioration · people with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Calcium channel blockers for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Adverse effects ‐ important extrapyramidal adverse effects · people with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Calcium channel blockers for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Acceptability of treatment ‐ leaving the study early · people with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Calcium channel blockers for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks or personalised quality of life measures ‐ no clinically significant change · people with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Calcium channel blockers for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CHOLINERGIC DRUGS vs PLACEBO Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life ‐ not reported · people with various psychiatric disorders (mainly schizophrenia) and antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Cholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ANTIEPILEPTIC ‐ LEVETIRACETAM vs PLACEBO Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life ‐ not reported · female and male 47‐54 years old (mean) patients with various psychiatric conditions and antipsychotic‐induced tardive… Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ANXIOLYTIC ‐ BUSPIRONE vs PLACEBO Tardive dyskinesia: Deterioration of symptoms ‐ not reported · female and male 33‐year old (mean) patients with schizophrenia and antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ANXIOLYTIC ‐ BUSPIRONE vs PLACEBO Adverse effects ‐ not reported · female and male 33‐year old (mean) patients with schizophrenia and antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ANXIOLYTIC ‐ BUSPIRONE vs PLACEBO Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life ‐ not reported · female and male 33‐year old (mean) patients with schizophrenia and antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
FATTY ACID ‐ ETHYL‐EPA vs PLACEBO Tardive dyskinesia: No clinically important improvement ‐ not reported · female and male 42 (mean) years old patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and antipsychotic‐induced… Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
FATTY ACID ‐ ETHYL‐EPA vs PLACEBO Tardive dyskinesia: Deterioration of symptoms ‐ not reported · female and male 42 (mean) years old patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and antipsychotic‐induced… Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
FATTY ACID ‐ ETHYL‐EPA vs PLACEBO Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life ‐ not reported · female and male 42 (mean) years old patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and antipsychotic‐induced… Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
HERB ‐ GINKGO BILOBA vs PLACEBO Tardive dyskinesia: Deterioration of symptoms ‐ not reported · male 45.2 (mean) years old patients with schizophrenia and antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
HERB ‐ GINKGO BILOBA vs PLACEBO Adverse effects ‐ not reported · male 45.2 (mean) years old patients with schizophrenia and antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
HERB ‐ GINKGO BILOBA vs PLACEBO Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life ‐ not reported · male 45.2 (mean) years old patients with schizophrenia and antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
HORMONE ‐ MELATONIN vs PLACEBO OR NO TREATMENT Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life ‐ not reported · female and male 28 to 91 years old patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
POLYPEPTIDE ‐ CERULETIDE vs PLACEBO Tardive dyskinesia: No clinically important improvement ‐ not reported · female and male 55‐59 year old (mean) patients with various psychiatric conditions and antipsychotic‐induced tardive… Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
POLYPEPTIDE ‐ CERULETIDE vs PLACEBO Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life ‐ not reported · female and male 55‐59 year old (mean) patients with various psychiatric conditions and antipsychotic‐induced tardive… Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
HYPNOSIS or RELAXATION vs TAU Adverse effects ‐ not reported · female and male 35 (mean) years old patients with schizophrenia and tardive dyskinesia, acute extrapyramidal symptoms,… Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
HYPNOSIS or RELAXATION vs TAU Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life ‐ not reported · female and male 35 (mean) years old patients with schizophrenia and tardive dyskinesia, acute extrapyramidal symptoms,… Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ALKALOID ‐ DIHYDROGENATED ERGOT ALKALOIDS vs PLACEBO Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life ‐ not reported · female and male 59‐80 (mean) years old patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ANTIEPILEPTIC ‐ LEVETIRACETAM vs PLACEBO Tardive dyskinesia: No clinically important improvement ‐ not reported · female and male 47‐54 years old (mean) patients with various psychiatric conditions and antipsychotic‐induced tardive… Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ANTIEPILEPTIC ‐ LEVETIRACETAM vs PLACEBO Tardive dyskinesia: Deterioration of symptoms ‐ not reported · female and male 47‐54 years old (mean) patients with various psychiatric conditions and antipsychotic‐induced tardive… Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Switch to a specific antipsychotic vs switch to a different specific antipsychotic Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life ‐ not reported · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs PLACEBO/NIL Tranquillisation or asleep · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. HALOPERIDOL Economic outcomes · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. OLANZAPINE Tranquillisation or asleep · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. OLANZAPINE Repeated need for tranquillisation · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. OLANZAPINE Economic outcomes · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs PLACEBO/NIL Economic outcomes · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. HALOPERIDOL Tranquillisation or asleep · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
RISPERIDONE vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. HALOPERIDOL Tranquillisation or asleep by 30 minutes ‐ not measured · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Risperidone for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |