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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
726 questions in 98 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 100%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Probiotics vs placebo Postnatal depression · preventing gestational diabetes Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotics vs placebo Development of subsequent diabetes · preventing gestational diabetes Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAID (single administration, any dose) vs paracetamol Neonatal drug adverse effects ‐ not reported · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAID vs placebo Neonatal drug adverse effects · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐pharmacological interventions for fear of childbirth (tocophobia) vs usual care Anxiety ‐ not reported · women with fear of childbirth (tocophobia) Interventions for fear of childbirth including tocophobia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral misoprostol vs placebo/no treatment Vaginal birth within 24 hours · women with ruptured membranes in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs vaginal/intracervical prostaglandins Uterine hyperstimulation with/without fetal heart rate (FHR) changes ‐ not reported · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs intravenous oxytocin/amniotomy Spontaneous vaginal birth ‐ not reported · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs intravenous oxytocin/amniotomy Uterine hyperstimulation with/without fetal heart (FHR) rate changes ‐ not reported · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs intravenous oxytocin/amniotomy Neonatal death or serious neonatal perinatal morbidity · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs vaginal/oral misoprostol Spontaneous onset of labour ‐ not reported · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs vaginal/oral misoprostol Induction of labour ‐ not reported · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs vaginal/oral misoprostol Spontaneous vaginal birth ‐ not reported · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs vaginal/oral misoprostol Uterine hyperstimulation with/without fetal heart rate (FHR) changes ‐ not reported · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs vaginal/oral misoprostol Maternal death or serious maternal morbidity · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs vaginal/oral misoprostol Neonatal death or serious neonatal perinatal morbidity ‐ not reported · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
One frequency of amniotic membranes sweeping vs another frequency of amniotic membrane sweeping Spontaneous onset of labour ‐ not reported · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
One frequency of amniotic membranes sweeping vs another frequency of amniotic membrane sweeping Uterine hyperstimulation with/without fetal heart rate (FHR) changes ‐ not reported · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amniotic membranes sweeping vs no treatment/sham Uterine hyperstimulation with/without fetal heart rate (FHR) changes ‐ not reported · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation). Membrane sweeping for induction of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Crystalloid vs control Neonatal acidosis as defined by cord or neonatal blood with a pH < 7.2 · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Crystalloid vs control Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Colloid vs crystalloid Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Ephedrine vs phenylephrine Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Ondansetron vs control Maternal hypertension requiring intervention · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Ondansetron vs control Admission to neonatal care unit · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lower limb compression vs control Maternal hypertension requiring intervention · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lower limb compression vs control Neonatal acidosis as defined by cord or neonatal blood with a pH < 7.2 · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lower limb compression vs control Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Walking vs lying Maternal hypertension requiring intervention · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Walking vs lying Maternal bradycardia requiring intervention · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Walking vs lying Maternal nausea and/or vomiting · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Walking vs lying Neonatal acidosis as defined by cord or neonatal blood with a pH < 7.2 · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Walking vs lying Neonal Apgar score < 8 at 5 minutes · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Walking vs lying Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Crystalloid vs control Maternal hypertension requiring intervention · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Crystalloid vs control Maternal bradycardia requiring intervention · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment Fever ‐ not measured · operative vaginal delivery Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment Urinary tract infection ‐ not measured · operative vaginal delivery Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAID vs opioid Neonatal adverse events · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAID vs opioid Duration of hospital stay · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAID vs opioid Any breastfeeding at hospital discharge · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAID vs opioid Any breastfeeding at 6 weeks postpartum · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Opioid vs placebo Neonatal adverse events · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Opioid vs placebo Duration of hospital stay · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Opioid vs placebo Any breastfeeding at hospital discharge · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Opioid vs placebo Any breastfeeding at 6 weeks postpartum · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Paracetamol vs placebo Neonatal adverse events · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Paracetamol vs placebo Duration of hospital stay · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Paracetamol vs placebo Any breastfeeding at hospital discharge · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Paracetamol vs placebo Any breastfeeding at 6 weeks postpartum · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |