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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,344 questions in 217 reviews · Oral Health
current versionsNo studies 1,344 · 100%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Cessation of water fluoridation (fluoride removed from the water supply) vs Continued fluoridated water Disparities in caries across socioeconomic status (SES) · People of all ages in a previously fluoridated community (Maupome 2001: children with generally low caries experience) Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries (2015) · Cochrane | No evidence to determine the effect of the cessation of water fluoridation on disparities in caries across SES. | 0 studies | No studies |
Psychological interventions vs No treatment Occlusion · Children with a non-nutritive sucking habit (digit or pacifier) Interventions for the cessation of non‐nutritive sucking habits in children (2015) · Cochrane | Occlusion: Not reported. | 0 studies | No studies |
Fixed prostheses cemented to prepared teeth after extraction or decoronation of the ankylosed teeth vs Conventional orthodontic treatment or follow-up with no specific treatment for ankylosis Outcome NR · Any patient with ankylosis and displacement of permanent front teeth diagnosed by clinical and radiographic… Interventions for treating traumatised ankylosed permanent front teeth (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Orthodontic appliances (palatal crib) vs No treatment Correction of posterior crossbite · Children with a non-nutritive sucking habit (digit or pacifier) Interventions for the cessation of non‐nutritive sucking habits in children (2015) · Cochrane | Correction of posterior crossbite was not measured in this study despite being a well recognised feature in the malocclusion of a child with a thumb-sucking habit. | 0 studies | No studies |
Cessation of water fluoridation (fluoride removed from the water supply) vs Continued fluoridated water Adverse effects · People of all ages in a previously fluoridated community (Maupome 2001: children with generally low caries experience) Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries (2015) · Cochrane | No evidence to determine whether cessation of a water fluoridation programme is associated with any harms. | 0 studies | No studies |
Implant-supported crowns after extraction or decoronation of the ankylosed teeth vs Conventional orthodontic treatment or follow-up with no specific treatment for ankylosis Outcome NR · Any patient with ankylosis and displacement of permanent front teeth diagnosed by clinical and radiographic… Interventions for treating traumatised ankylosed permanent front teeth (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Xylitol chewing gum vs No treatment or non-cariogenic control Outcome NR · Children and adults · At least 1 year Xylitol‐containing products for preventing dental caries in children and adults (2015) · Cochrane | It was surprising that there were no eligible randomised trials testing xylitol chewing gums against either no treatment or a non-cariogenic control. | 0 studies | No studies |
Chlorhexidine chewing gum vs Placebo or no intervention (including routine care) Outcome NR · Children and adolescents below 18 years at study start (included studies: children from birth to 15 years), with… Chlorhexidine treatment for the prevention of dental caries in children and adolescents (2015) · Cochrane | There were no trials on other products containing chlorhexidine such as sprays, toothpastes, chewing gums or mouthrinses. | 0 studies | No studies |
Fixed-appliance orthodontic treatment incorporating surgically assisted orthodontics (adjunctive surgical procedure: corticotomy, micro-osteoperforation or interseptal bone reduction) to increase the rate of tooth movement vs Conventional treatment: fixed-appliance orthodontic treatment without surgical assistance Improvement in occlusion (Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) or other validated scale) · Individuals of any age receiving orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (braces) (people requiring orthodontic… Surgical adjunctive procedures for accelerating orthodontic treatment (2015) · Cochrane | Results: 'Our prespecified secondary outcomes of patient satisfaction, improvement in occlusion, and prolonged stability of treatment were not measured in the trials.' | 0 studies | No studies |
Frankel's function regulator-4 (FR-4) with lip-seal training vs No treatment Stability of anterior open bite correction (1 year after treatment) · Children and adolescents (over 80% aged 16 years or younger at treatment start) with anterior open bite (lack of… Orthodontic and orthopaedic treatment for anterior open bite in children (2014) · Cochrane | Outcome proposed in the review but not found in any included study. The review states: 'The other outcomes proposed in this review were not found: stability of anterior open bite correction; reduction of snoring; signs… | 0 studies | No studies |
Maxillary sinus lift (augmentation) with long implants vs Short implants (5 to 8.5 mm) without sinus augmentation Treatment costs · Patients with missing teeth and an atrophic posterior maxilla, with residual bone height between 4 and 9 mm below the… Interventions for replacing missing teeth: augmentation procedures of the maxillary sinus (2014) · Cochrane | Treatment costs: no trials reported this outcome (extrapolated by the review authors). Additional costs were associated with the long-implant + augmentation group (extra surgery, biomaterial, barrier, hospitalisation… | 0 studies | No studies |
Repair of a defective resin composite restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with resin composite) vs Replacement of a defective resin composite restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with resin composite) Presence of clinical symptoms (pain, swelling, diagnosis of pulpitis, abscess formation) · Adults (16 years or over) with one or more defective resin composite restoration(s) in a molar or premolar tooth/teeth · Medium term (less than 5 years) or long term (5 years and above) Replacement versus repair of defective restorations in adults: resin composite (2014) · Cochrane | No randomised controlled trials were found | 0 studies | No studies |
Dual mini-screw implant vs Single mini-screw implant Economic factors · Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment requiring surgical (mini-screw implant) anchorage Reinforcement of anchorage during orthodontic brace treatment with implants or other surgical methods (2014) · Cochrane | Economic factors were not reported in any of the studies comparing two types of surgical anchorage | 0 studies | No studies |
Low-level laser therapy (photon-plus GaAlAs diode laser; 70 mW output, continuous 820 nm) vs Placebo (sham) laser therapy Somatosensory evoked potentials · Patients of any age in any setting requiring intervention for iatrogenic injury to the inferior alveolar or lingual… Interventions for iatrogenic inferior alveolar and lingual nerve injury (2014) · Cochrane | Results: 'No studies reported on ... somatosensory evoked potentials ...'. Not reported by the included trials. | 0 studies | No studies |
Frankel's function regulator-4 (FR-4) with lip-seal training vs No treatment Reduction or treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) or upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) · Children and adolescents (over 80% aged 16 years or younger at treatment start) with anterior open bite (lack of… Orthodontic and orthopaedic treatment for anterior open bite in children (2014) · Cochrane | Outcome proposed in the review but not found in any included study. The review states: 'The other outcomes proposed in this review were not found: stability of anterior open bite correction; reduction of snoring; signs… | 0 studies | No studies |
Dual mini-screw implant vs Single mini-screw implant Number of visits · Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment requiring surgical (mini-screw implant) anchorage Reinforcement of anchorage during orthodontic brace treatment with implants or other surgical methods (2014) · Cochrane | No studies reported on the number of visits for the comparison of two types of surgical anchorage | 0 studies | No studies |
Dual mini-screw implant vs Single mini-screw implant Residual overjet at the end of treatment · Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment requiring surgical (mini-screw implant) anchorage Reinforcement of anchorage during orthodontic brace treatment with implants or other surgical methods (2014) · Cochrane | No studies reported on residual overjet at the end of treatment for the comparison of two types of surgical anchorage | 0 studies | No studies |
Infiltration injection LA and intraligamental injection LA (3-arm) vs No treatment Participant satisfaction · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general… Intraoperative local anaesthesia for reduction of postoperative pain following general anaesthesia for… (2014) · Cochrane | The study did not report on patient or child satisfaction | 0 studies | No studies |
Surgical anchorage (mini-screw or mid-palatal implant) vs Conventional anchorage (headgear, transpalatal/palatal arch, etc.) Adverse events · Patients of any age undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances and requiring anchorage (adolescents to… Reinforcement of anchorage during orthodontic brace treatment with implants or other surgical methods (2014) · Cochrane | This outcome was unreported in all included studies | 0 studies | No studies |
An intervention delivered at one time point vs The same intervention delivered at a different time point Outcome NR · Patients of any age in any setting requiring intervention for iatrogenic injury to the inferior alveolar or lingual… · < 3 months; ≤ 6 months; > 6 months Interventions for iatrogenic inferior alveolar and lingual nerve injury (2014) · Cochrane | Discussion / Methods: no trials addressed optimal timing; the planned timing subgroup analyses (< 3 months, ≤ 6 months, > 6 months) could not be undertaken. | 0 studies | No studies |
Infiltration injection LA and intraligamental injection LA (3-arm) vs No treatment Intraoperative or postoperative bleeding · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general… Intraoperative local anaesthesia for reduction of postoperative pain following general anaesthesia for… (2014) · Cochrane | None of the studies reported on this outcome | 0 studies | No studies |
Infiltration injection LA and intraligamental injection LA (3-arm) vs No treatment Physiological parameters (cardiac/respiratory events; type and volume of GA drug) · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general… Intraoperative local anaesthesia for reduction of postoperative pain following general anaesthesia for… (2014) · Cochrane | None of the studies reported on this outcome | 0 studies | No studies |
Low-level laser therapy (photon-plus GaAlAs diode laser; 70 mW output, continuous 820 nm) vs Placebo (sham) laser therapy Difficulty speaking · Patients of any age in any setting requiring intervention for iatrogenic injury to the inferior alveolar or lingual… Interventions for iatrogenic inferior alveolar and lingual nerve injury (2014) · Cochrane | SoF row 'Difficulty speaking': This outcome was not reported in the included studies. | 0 studies | No studies |
Repair of a defective amalgam restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with amalgam) vs Replacement of a defective amalgam restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with amalgam) Patient satisfaction (measured by patient satisfaction or aesthetic scales) · Adults (16 years or over) with one or more defective amalgam restoration(s) in a molar or premolar tooth/teeth · Medium term (less than 5 years) or long term (5 years and above) Replacement versus repair of defective restorations in adults: amalgam (2014) · Cochrane | No randomised controlled trials were found | 0 studies | No studies |
Frankel's function regulator-4 (FR-4) with lip-seal training vs No treatment Patient satisfaction · Children and adolescents (over 80% aged 16 years or younger at treatment start) with anterior open bite (lack of… Orthodontic and orthopaedic treatment for anterior open bite in children (2014) · Cochrane | Outcome proposed in the review but not found in any included study. The review states: 'The other outcomes proposed in this review were not found: stability of anterior open bite correction; reduction of snoring; signs… | 0 studies | No studies |
Topical local anaesthetic (spray or dental swab) vs Placebo or no treatment Physiological parameters (cardiac/respiratory events; type and volume of GA drug) · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general… Intraoperative local anaesthesia for reduction of postoperative pain following general anaesthesia for… (2014) · Cochrane | None of the studies reported on this outcome | 0 studies | No studies |
Repair of a defective resin composite restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with resin composite) vs Replacement of a defective resin composite restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with resin composite) Success or failure of restoration (as defined by the USPHS criteria) · Adults (16 years or over) with one or more defective resin composite restoration(s) in a molar or premolar tooth/teeth · Medium term (less than 5 years) or long term (5 years and above) Replacement versus repair of defective restorations in adults: resin composite (2014) · Cochrane | No randomised controlled trials were found | 0 studies | No studies |
Topical local anaesthetic (spray or dental swab) vs Placebo or no treatment Lip or cheek biting · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general… Intraoperative local anaesthesia for reduction of postoperative pain following general anaesthesia for… (2014) · Cochrane | None of the studies reported on lip or cheek biting | 0 studies | No studies |
Repair of a defective resin composite restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with resin composite) vs Replacement of a defective resin composite restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with resin composite) Adverse events · Adults (16 years or over) with one or more defective resin composite restoration(s) in a molar or premolar tooth/teeth · Medium term (less than 5 years) or long term (5 years and above) Replacement versus repair of defective restorations in adults: resin composite (2014) · Cochrane | No randomised controlled trials were found | 0 studies | No studies |
Infiltration injection local anaesthetic vs No treatment or placebo Parental satisfaction · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general… Intraoperative local anaesthesia for reduction of postoperative pain following general anaesthesia for… (2014) · Cochrane | No study reported parental satisfaction | 0 studies | No studies |
Frankel's function regulator-4 (FR-4) with lip-seal training vs No treatment Signs and symptoms of atypical swallowing and speech production disturbances · Children and adolescents (over 80% aged 16 years or younger at treatment start) with anterior open bite (lack of… Orthodontic and orthopaedic treatment for anterior open bite in children (2014) · Cochrane | Outcome proposed in the review but not found in any included study. The review states: 'The other outcomes proposed in this review were not found: stability of anterior open bite correction; reduction of snoring; signs… | 0 studies | No studies |
Low-level laser therapy (photon-plus GaAlAs diode laser; 70 mW output, continuous 820 nm) vs Placebo (sham) laser therapy Difficulty eating · Patients of any age in any setting requiring intervention for iatrogenic injury to the inferior alveolar or lingual… Interventions for iatrogenic inferior alveolar and lingual nerve injury (2014) · Cochrane | SoF row 'Difficulty eating': This outcome was not reported in the included studies. | 0 studies | No studies |
Intraligamental injection local anaesthetic vs No treatment Intraoperative or postoperative bleeding · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general… Intraoperative local anaesthesia for reduction of postoperative pain following general anaesthesia for… (2014) · Cochrane | None of the studies reported on this outcome | 0 studies | No studies |
Infiltration injection LA and intraligamental injection LA (3-arm) vs No treatment Parental satisfaction · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general… Intraoperative local anaesthesia for reduction of postoperative pain following general anaesthesia for… (2014) · Cochrane | No study reported parental satisfaction | 0 studies | No studies |
Psychological / counselling interventions (counselling, acupuncture, cognitive behavioural therapy, relaxation therapy, behaviour modification, electromyographic biofeedback, hypnosis, re-education) vs Another intervention, or no intervention Outcome NR · Patients of any age in any setting requiring intervention for iatrogenic injury to the inferior alveolar or lingual… Interventions for iatrogenic inferior alveolar and lingual nerve injury (2014) · Cochrane | Results: 'No studies evaluated ... psychological interventions.' No eligible RCT of psychological / counselling interventions (CBT, relaxation, behaviour modification, biofeedback, hypnosis, re-education, acupuncture). | 0 studies | No studies |
Infiltration injection local anaesthetic vs No treatment or placebo Participant satisfaction · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general… Intraoperative local anaesthesia for reduction of postoperative pain following general anaesthesia for… (2014) · Cochrane | None of the studies reported on patient or child satisfaction | 0 studies | No studies |
Frankel's function regulator-4 (FR-4) with lip-seal training vs No treatment Signs and symptoms of respiratory disease (mouth breathing, nasal airway resistance) · Children and adolescents (over 80% aged 16 years or younger at treatment start) with anterior open bite (lack of… Orthodontic and orthopaedic treatment for anterior open bite in children (2014) · Cochrane | Outcome proposed in the review but not found in any included study. The review states: 'The other outcomes proposed in this review were not found: stability of anterior open bite correction; reduction of snoring; signs… | 0 studies | No studies |
Repair of a defective amalgam restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with amalgam) vs Replacement of a defective amalgam restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with amalgam) Perioperative or postoperative pain or discomfort · Adults (16 years or over) with one or more defective amalgam restoration(s) in a molar or premolar tooth/teeth · Medium term (less than 5 years) or long term (5 years and above) Replacement versus repair of defective restorations in adults: amalgam (2014) · Cochrane | No randomised controlled trials were found | 0 studies | No studies |
One active intervention (surgical, medical, or psychological) vs A different active intervention (direct head-to-head comparison) Outcome NR · Patients of any age in any setting requiring intervention for iatrogenic injury to the inferior alveolar or lingual… Interventions for iatrogenic inferior alveolar and lingual nerve injury (2014) · Cochrane | Discussion: 'There is also a lack of trials directly comparing these methods ...'. No eligible RCT directly comparing different active interventions. | 0 studies | No studies |
Surgical anchorage (mini-screw or mid-palatal implant) vs Conventional anchorage (headgear, transpalatal/palatal arch, etc.) Residual overjet at the end of treatment · Patients of any age undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances and requiring anchorage (adolescents to… Reinforcement of anchorage during orthodontic brace treatment with implants or other surgical methods (2014) · Cochrane | No studies reported on residual overjet at the end of treatment | 0 studies | No studies |
Repair of a defective resin composite restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with resin composite) vs Replacement of a defective resin composite restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with resin composite) Further restoration required (repair, restoration, placement of crown/inlay, root filling) · Adults (16 years or over) with one or more defective resin composite restoration(s) in a molar or premolar tooth/teeth · Medium term (less than 5 years) or long term (5 years and above) Replacement versus repair of defective restorations in adults: resin composite (2014) · Cochrane | No randomised controlled trials were found | 0 studies | No studies |
Repair of a defective amalgam restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with amalgam) vs Replacement of a defective amalgam restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with amalgam) Success or failure of restoration (as defined by the USPHS criteria) · Adults (16 years or over) with one or more defective amalgam restoration(s) in a molar or premolar tooth/teeth · Medium term (less than 5 years) or long term (5 years and above) Replacement versus repair of defective restorations in adults: amalgam (2014) · Cochrane | No randomised controlled trials were found | 0 studies | No studies |
Infiltration injection LA and intraligamental injection LA (3-arm) vs No treatment Lip or cheek biting, numbness or allergy · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general… Intraoperative local anaesthesia for reduction of postoperative pain following general anaesthesia for… (2014) · Cochrane | The study did not report on lip or cheek biting | 0 studies | No studies |
Repair of a defective amalgam restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with amalgam) vs Replacement of a defective amalgam restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with amalgam) Extraction of tooth (due to decay) · Adults (16 years or over) with one or more defective amalgam restoration(s) in a molar or premolar tooth/teeth · Medium term (less than 5 years) or long term (5 years and above) Replacement versus repair of defective restorations in adults: amalgam (2014) · Cochrane | No randomised controlled trials were found | 0 studies | No studies |
Frankel's function regulator-4 (FR-4) with lip-seal training vs No treatment Economic evaluation (costs) · Children and adolescents (over 80% aged 16 years or younger at treatment start) with anterior open bite (lack of… Orthodontic and orthopaedic treatment for anterior open bite in children (2014) · Cochrane | Outcome proposed in the review but not found in any included study. The review states: 'The other outcomes proposed in this review were not found: stability of anterior open bite correction; reduction of snoring; signs… | 0 studies | No studies |
Repair of a defective amalgam restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with amalgam) vs Replacement of a defective amalgam restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with amalgam) Adverse events · Adults (16 years or over) with one or more defective amalgam restoration(s) in a molar or premolar tooth/teeth · Medium term (less than 5 years) or long term (5 years and above) Replacement versus repair of defective restorations in adults: amalgam (2014) · Cochrane | No randomised controlled trials were found | 0 studies | No studies |
Topical local anaesthetic (spray or dental swab) vs Placebo or no treatment Parental satisfaction · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general… Intraoperative local anaesthesia for reduction of postoperative pain following general anaesthesia for… (2014) · Cochrane | No study reported parental satisfaction | 0 studies | No studies |
Intraligamental injection local anaesthetic vs No treatment Physiological parameters (cardiac/respiratory events; type and volume of GA drug) · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general… Intraoperative local anaesthesia for reduction of postoperative pain following general anaesthesia for… (2014) · Cochrane | None of the studies reported on this outcome | 0 studies | No studies |
Low-level laser therapy (photon-plus GaAlAs diode laser; 70 mW output, continuous 820 nm) vs Placebo (sham) laser therapy Quality of life · Patients of any age in any setting requiring intervention for iatrogenic injury to the inferior alveolar or lingual… Interventions for iatrogenic inferior alveolar and lingual nerve injury (2014) · Cochrane | Results: 'No studies reported on quality of life ...'. Not reported by the included laser trials. | 0 studies | No studies |
Frankel's function regulator-4 (FR-4) with lip-seal training vs No treatment Reduction of snoring · Children and adolescents (over 80% aged 16 years or younger at treatment start) with anterior open bite (lack of… Orthodontic and orthopaedic treatment for anterior open bite in children (2014) · Cochrane | Outcome proposed in the review but not found in any included study. The review states: 'The other outcomes proposed in this review were not found: stability of anterior open bite correction; reduction of snoring; signs… | 0 studies | No studies |