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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
726 questions in 98 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 100%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course Breastfeeding at hospital discharge ‐ not reported · the woman Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – maternal outcomes Death · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dexamethasone: oral vs intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes Chronic lung disease · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Betamethasone acetate plus phosphate vs betamethasone phosphate – fetal/neonatal outcomes Necrotising enterocolitis · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Betamethasone acetate plus phosphate vs betamethasone phosphate – fetal/neonatal outcomes Chronic lung disease · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – maternal outcomes Puerperal sepsis · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine vaginal examination vs routine ultrasound Positive birth experience (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · pregnant women, multiparous, in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine vaginal examination vs routine rectal examination Chorioamnionitis (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine vaginal examination vs routine rectal examination Maternal pain (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 RCTs) · pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine 4‐hourly vaginal examinations vs routine 2‐hourly vaginal examinations Positive birth experience (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine 4‐hourly vaginal examinations vs routine 2‐hourly vaginal examinations Chorioamnionitis (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine 4‐hourly vaginal examinations vs routine 2‐hourly vaginal examinations Neonatal infection (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine vaginal examination vs routine ultrasound Augmentation of labour (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · pregnant women, multiparous, in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine 4‐hourly vaginal examinations vs routine 2‐hourly vaginal examinations Admission to NICU (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine 4‐hourly vaginal examinations vs routine 2‐hourly vaginal examinations Maternal pain (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine vaginal examinations vs vaginal examinations Positive birth experience (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine vaginal examinations vs vaginal examinations Maternal pain (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine vaginal examination vs routine ultrasound Spontaneous vaginal birth (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · pregnant women, multiparous, in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine vaginal examination vs routine ultrasound Chorioamnionitis (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · pregnant women, multiparous, in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine vaginal examination vs routine ultrasound Neonatal infection (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · pregnant women, multiparous, in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine vaginal examination vs routine ultrasound Admission to NICU (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · pregnant women, multiparous, in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine vaginal examination vs routine rectal examination Women's positive experiences№ of participants: (0 studies) · pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Remifentanil vs diazepam Perinatal mortality · health problem or population Perioperative pharmacological interventions for fetal immobilisation during fetal surgery and invasive… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Remifentanil vs diazepam Time taken to perform procedure · health problem or population Perioperative pharmacological interventions for fetal immobilisation during fetal surgery and invasive… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cervical pessary vs vaginal progesterone Birthweight · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cervical pessary vs cervical cerclage Neonatal/paediatric care unit admission · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cervical pessary vs cervical cerclage Birthweight · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cervical pessary vs no treatment Harm to offspring from the intervention · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cervical pessary vs no treatment Birthweight · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lateral postures vs other postures Neonatal encephalopathy (as defined by trialists · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lateral postures vs other postures Need for respiratory support · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lateral postures vs other postures Neonatal jaundice requiring phototherapy · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin solution vs plasma expander Maternal mortality · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin solution vs plasma expander Blood transfusion · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin solution vs plasma expander Additional therapeutic uterotonics · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin solution vs plasma expander Need for treatment with antibiotics (infection) · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin solution vs plasma expander Maternal postpartum anaemia (haemoglobin 24–48 hours postpartum) · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Saline solution vs expectant management Addition of therapeutic uterotonics · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antenatal (± postnatal) prophylaxis: heparin (LMWH or UFH) vs no treatment/placebo Maternal death · pregnant women at increased risk of VTE during pregnancy and the early postnatal period Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis: UFH vs no treatment Maternal death · women with varicose veins before birth, having a caesarean (elective or emergency) or vaginal birth Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis: UFH vs no treatment Adverse effects sufficient to stop treatment · women with varicose veins before birth, having a caesarean (elective or emergency) or vaginal birth Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis (caesarean): LMWH vs UFH Maternal death · women giving birth by elective or emergency caesarean (elective or emergency (1 trial), elective cesarean only (1… Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis (caesarean): LMWH vs UFH Adverse effects sufficient to stop treatment · women giving birth by elective or emergency caesarean (elective or emergency (1 trial), elective cesarean only (1… Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Postnatal prophylaxis: LMWH vs no treatment/placebo Adverse effects sufficient to stop treatment · women at increased risk of VTE in the early postpartum period Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antenatal (± postnatal) prophylaxis: LMWH vs UFH Maternal death · pregnant women at increased risk of VTE during pregnancy and the early postnatal period Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Early discharge vs standard discharge Maternal mortality within 6 weeks ‐ not reported · healthy mothers and term infants Early postnatal discharge from hospital for healthy mothers and term infants (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Paracetamol (single administration, any dose) vs placebo Neonatal drug adverse effects · women with perineal pain following childbirth Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotics vs placebo Diabetes · preventing gestational diabetes Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotics vs placebo Neurodisability · preventing gestational diabetes Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotics vs placebo Perineal trauma · preventing gestational diabetes Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |