Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

715 questions · 767 findings · 53 reviews · Back and Neck

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No studies found 149 · 19.4%GRADE not reported 41 · 5.3%Very low 168 · 21.9%Low 226 · 29.5%Moderate 156 · 20.3%High 27 · 3.5%

Acupuncture vs sham

Mental health outcomes · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for chronic nonspecific low back pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 1068 participants
Low

Acupuncture vs sham

Adverse events Self‐reported · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain

Acupuncture showed no clear difference in adverse events Self‐reported compared with sham intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for chronic nonspecific low back pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.68 [0.46, 1.01]
4 studies · 465 participants
Low

Acupuncture vs no treatment

Pain intensity VAS (0 to 100; 0 = no pain, 100 = worst pain) · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for chronic nonspecific low back pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 366 participants
Moderate

Acupuncture vs no treatment

Back‐specific functional status · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for chronic nonspecific low back pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 2960 participants
Moderate

Acupuncture vs no treatment

Potential harms ‐ quality of life (QoL) · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for chronic nonspecific low back pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Acupuncture vs no treatment

Adverse events Self‐reported · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for chronic nonspecific low back pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

WORK PARTICIPATION · People with non‐specific low back pain presenting to healthcare, occupational, general or mixed populations Prognostic factor: Individual…

The intervention probably leads to higher WORK PARTICIPATION (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Individual recovery expectations and prognosis of outcomes in non‐specific low back pain: prognostic factor review 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 2.43 [1.64, 3.62]
16 studies · 4324 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

IMPORTANT RECOVERY · People with non‐specific low back pain presenting to healthcare, occupational, general or mixed populations Prognostic factor: Individual…

The intervention may leads to higher IMPORTANT RECOVERY (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Individual recovery expectations and prognosis of outcomes in non‐specific low back pain: prognostic factor review 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.89 [1.49, 2.41]
6 studies · 7265 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

FUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONS · People with non‐specific low back pain presenting to healthcare, occupational, general or mixed populations Prognostic factor: Individual…

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes FUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONS (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Individual recovery expectations and prognosis of outcomes in non‐specific low back pain: prognostic factor review 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.4 [0.85, 2.31]
6 studies · 1397 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

PAIN INTENSITY · People with non‐specific low back pain presenting to healthcare, occupational, general or mixed populations Prognostic factor: Individual…

The intervention may leads to higher PAIN INTENSITY (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Individual recovery expectations and prognosis of outcomes in non‐specific low back pain: prognostic factor review 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.15 [1.08, 1.23]
5 studies · 1510 participants
Low

TENS vs sham TENS

Pain (at short‐term · patients with chronic neck pain (pain for more than 90 days)

2 findings from 1 review

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic neck pain 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 38 participants
Very low
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic neck pain 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.57 [0.84, 2.92]
1 study · 30 participants
Very low

TENS vs sham TENS

Disability ‐ not reported · patients with chronic neck pain (pain for more than 90 days)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic neck pain 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

TENS vs sham TENS

Adverse events ‐ not reported · patients with chronic neck pain (pain for more than 90 days)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic neck pain 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Multidiscipinary rehabilitation vs usual care

Back pain · Subacute low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for subacute low back pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 336 participants
Moderate

Multidisciplinary rehabilitation vs other treatment

Adverse events · Subacute low back pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for subacute low back pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Multidiscipinary rehabilitation vs usual care

Functional disability (Higher scores indicate higher levels of disability) · Subacute low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for subacute low back pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 240 participants
Low

Multidiscipinary rehabilitation vs usual care

Return to work · Subacute low back pain

It is very uncertain whether multidiscipinary rehabilitation changes return‐to‐work at the long term Proportion at work compared with usual care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for subacute low back pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 3.19 [1.46, 6.98]
3 studies · 170 participants
Very low

Multidiscipinary rehabilitation vs usual care

Sick leave periods at long‐term Cumulative sickness absence periods over the course of the 12‐month · Subacute low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for subacute low back pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 210 participants
Low

Multidiscipinary rehabilitation vs usual care

Adverse events · Subacute low back pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for subacute low back pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Multidisciplinary rehabilitation vs other treatment

Pain at the long term Higher scores indicated more intense pain · Subacute low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for subacute low back pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 336 participants
Low