A dose of vitamin D 601 IU or higher showed no clear difference in preterm birth compared with 600 IU or lower alone or with other nutrients (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether A dose of vitamin D 601 IU or higher changes low birthweight compared with 600 IU or lower alone or with other nutrients (very low certainty).
A dose of vitamin D 4000 IU/d or more showed no clear difference in pre‐eclampsia compared with 3999 IU/d or less alone or with any other nutrient (low certainty).
A dose of vitamin D 4000 IU/d or more showed no clear difference in gestational diabetes compared with 3999 IU/d or less alone or with any other nutrient (low certainty).
A dose of vitamin D 4000 IU/d or more showed no clear difference in preterm birth compared with 3999 IU/d or less alone or with any other nutrient (low certainty).
A dose of vitamin D 4000 IU/d or more showed no clear difference in low birthweight compared with 3999 IU/d or less alone or with any other nutrient (low certainty).
Immersion in water showed no clear difference in mode of birth (spontaneous vaginal birth) compared with no immersion during first stage of labour (moderate certainty).
Immersion in water showed no clear difference in mode of birth (spontaneous vaginal birth) compared with no immersion during second stage of labour (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether immersion in water changes mode of birth (instrumental vaginal birth) compared with no immersion during second stage of labour (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether immersion in water changes mode of birth (caesarean section) compared with no immersion during second stage of labour (very low certainty).
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
It is very uncertain whether immersion in water changes perinatal death compared with no immersion during second stage of labour (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether immersion in water changes admission to neonatal intensive care unit compared with no immersion during second stage of labour (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether immersion in water changes neonatal infection, including markers of infection such as pyrexia… compared with no immersion during second stage of labour (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether immersion in water changes neonatal infection, including markers of infection such as pyrexia… compared with no immersion during second stage of labour (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether immersion in water changes neonatal infection, including markers of infection such as pyrexia… compared with no immersion during second stage of labour (very low certainty).
Immersion in water showed no clear difference in mode of birth (instrumental vaginal birth) compared with no immersion during first stage of labour (low certainty).
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
Immersion in water showed no clear difference in mode of birth (caesarean section) compared with no immersion during first stage of labour (low certainty).