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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

671 questions · 731 findings · 61 reviews · Drugs and Alcohol

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No studies found 57 · 7.8%GRADE not reported 39 · 5.3%Very low 186 · 25.4%Low 239 · 32.7%Moderate 171 · 23.4%High 39 · 5.3%

Any Psychosocial plus any Pharmacological vs any Pharmachological alone compared to

Dropout ‐ Studies with low risk of bias · patients with opioid detoxification

Any Psychosocial plus any Pharmacological leads to lower dropouts ‐ Only studies with low risk of bias objeive compared with any Pharmachological alone compared to (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any Psychosocial plus any Pharmacological vs any Pharmachological alone compared to

use of opiate during treatment ( · patients with opioid detoxification

Any Psychosocial plus any Pharmacological probably leads to lower use of opiate during the treatment objective compared with any Pharmachological alone compared to (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any Psychosocial plus any Pharmacological vs any Pharmachological alone compared to

Results at · patients with opioid detoxification

Any Psychosocial plus any Pharmacological probably leads to lower results at compared with any Pharmachological alone compared to (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Any Psychosocial plus any Pharmacological vs any Pharmachological alone compared to

Compliance as clinical absences during the tratment objective · patients with opioid detoxification

Any Psychosocial plus any Pharmacological probably leads to lower compliance as clinical absences during the tratment objective compared with any Pharmachological alone compared to (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Number commencing naltrexone maintenance treatment ‐ Clonidine comparison · patients with opioid withdrawal

The intervention probably leads to higher number commencing naltrexone maintenance treatment ‐ Clonidine… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Number commencing naltrexone maintenance treatment ‐ Buprenorphine comparison · patients with opioid withdrawal

The intervention probably leads to higher number commencing naltrexone maintenance treatment ‐ Buprenorphine… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Retained in naltrexone maintenance treatment or abstinent at 12 weeks ‐ Tapered methadone comparison · patients with opioid withdrawal

The intervention showed no clear difference in retained in naltrexone maintenance treatment or abstinent at 12… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Retained in naltrexone maintenance treatment or abstinent at 12 weeks ‐ Clonidine comparison · patients with opioid withdrawal

The intervention probably leads to higher retained in naltrexone maintenance treatment or abstinent at 12… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Retained in naltrexone maintenance treatment or abstinent at 12 weeks ‐ Buprenorphine comparison · patients with opioid withdrawal

The intervention showed no clear difference in retained in naltrexone maintenance treatment or abstinent at 12… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Participants experiencing adverse effects · patients with opioid withdrawal

The intervention probably leads to higher participants experiencing adverse effects (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines vs placebo

Alcohol withdrawal seizures objective · people with alcohol withdrawal

Benzodiazepine probably leads to lower alcohol withdrawal seizures objective compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines vs placebo

Adverse events · people with alcohol withdrawal

Benzodiazepine showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines vs placebo

Leaving the study early · people with alcohol withdrawal

Benzodiazepine showed no clear difference in dropouts compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines vs Other Drug for

Alcohol withdrawal seizures ‐ Benzodiazepine vs. Other Drug · patients with

Benzodiazepine showed no clear difference in alcohol withdrawal seizures ‐ Benzodiazepine vs. Other Drug compared with other Drug for (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines vs Other Drug for

Alcohol withdrawal seizures ‐ Benzodiazepine vs. Anticonvulsant · patients with

Benzodiazepine showed no clear difference in alcohol withdrawal seizures ‐ Benzodiazepine vs. Anticonvulsant compared with other Drug for (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines vs Other Drug for

Adverse events ‐ Benzodiazepine vs. Other Drug · patients with

Benzodiazepine showed no clear difference in adverse events ‐ Benzodiazepine vs. Other Drug compared with other Drug for (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines vs Other Drug for

Adverse events ‐ Benzodiazepine vs. Anticonvulsant · patients with

Benzodiazepine showed no clear difference in adverse events ‐ Benzodiazepine vs. Anticonvulsant compared with other Drug for (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines vs Other Drug for

Dropouts ‐ Benzodiazepine vs. Other Drug · patients with

Benzodiazepine showed no clear difference in dropouts ‐ Benzodiazepine vs. Other Drug compared with other Drug for (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review