Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,535 questions · 3,601 findings · 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 726 · 20.2%GRADE not reported 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%

Probiotics vs placebo

Adiposity · preventing gestational diabetes

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 320 participants
Low

Probiotics vs placebo

Diabetes · preventing gestational diabetes

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Probiotics vs placebo

Neurodisability · preventing gestational diabetes

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Probiotics vs placebo

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: pre‐eclampsia · preventing gestational diabetes

Probiotics leads to higher hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (pre‐eclampsia) compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.85 [1.04, 3.29]
4 studies · 955 participants
High

Probiotics vs placebo

Caesarean section · preventing gestational diabetes

Probiotics showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.86, 1.17]
6 studies · 1520 participants
High

Probiotics vs placebo

Perineal trauma · preventing gestational diabetes

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Probiotics vs placebo

Gestational weight gain · preventing gestational diabetes

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 853 participants
Moderate

Probiotics vs placebo

Postnatal depression · preventing gestational diabetes

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Probiotics vs placebo

Development of subsequent diabetes · preventing gestational diabetes

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Probiotics vs placebo

Large‐for‐gestational age · preventing gestational diabetes

Probiotics showed no clear difference in large‐for‐gestational age compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.99 [0.72, 1.36]
4 studies · 919 participants
Moderate

Probiotics vs placebo

Perinatal mortality · preventing gestational diabetes

Probiotics showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality (stillbirth and neonatal mortality) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.33 [0.01, 8.02]
3 studies · 709 participants
Low

NSAIDs vs placebo

Adequate pain relief as reported by women · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period

NSAID may leads to higher adequate pain relief(4 hours after administration) compared with placebo (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.91 [1.64, 2.23]
10 studies · 1573 participants
Low
Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.92 [1.69, 2.17]
17 studies · 2079 participants
Very low

NSAID (single administration, any dose) vs paracetamol

Need for additional analgesia (4 hours after administration) · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period

It is very uncertain whether NSAID (single administration, any dose) changes need for additional analgesia (4 hours after administration) compared with paracetamol (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.55 [0.27, 1.13]
1 study · 73 participants
Very low

NSAID (single administration, any dose) vs paracetamol

Need for additional analgesia (6 hours after administration) · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period

NSAID (single administration, any dose) may leads to lower need for additional analgesia (6 hours after administration) compared with paracetamol (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.28 [0.12, 0.67]
1 study · 59 participants
Low

NSAID (single administration, any dose) vs paracetamol

Maternal drug adverse effects number of women experiencing adverse effects · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period

1 finding from 1 review

Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 210 participants
GRADE not reported

NSAID (single administration, any dose) vs paracetamol

Maternal drug adverse effects (6 hours after administration) · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period

It is very uncertain whether NSAID (single administration, any dose) changes maternal drug adverse effects (6 hours after administration) compared with paracetamol (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.74 [0.27, 2.08]
3 studies · 300 participants
Very low

NSAID (single administration, any dose) vs paracetamol

Neonatal drug adverse effects ‐ not reported · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NSAIDs vs placebo

Need for additional analgesia (4 hours after administration) · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period

NSAID probably leads to lower need for additional analgesia(4 hours after administration) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.39 [0.26, 0.58]
4 studies · 486 participants
Moderate

NSAIDs vs placebo

Need for additional analgesia (6 hours after administration) · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period

It is very uncertain whether NSAID changes need for additional analgesia (6 hours after administration) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.32 [0.26, 0.4]
10 studies · 1012 participants
Very low

NSAIDs vs placebo

Maternal drug adverse effects(4 hours after administration) · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period

1 finding from 1 review

Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 90 participants
GRADE not reported