Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,860 questions · 64,864 findings · 4,913 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 13,869 · 21.4%GRADE not reported 3,491 · 5.4%Very low 16,300 · 25.1%Low 17,338 · 26.7%Moderate 10,900 · 16.8%High 2,966 · 4.6%

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Pharmaceutical care vs usual care

Medication appropriateness · older people receiving polypharmacy

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 947 participants
Very low

Pharmaceutical care vs usual care

The number of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) · older people receiving polypharmacy

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
9 studies · 2404 participants
Very low

Pharmaceutical care vs usual care

The proportion of patients with one or more potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) · older people receiving polypharmacy

It is very uncertain whether pharmaceutical care changes the proportion of patients with one or more potentially… compared with usual care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.81 [0.68, 0.98]
13 studies · 4534 participants
Very low

Pharmaceutical care vs usual care

The number of potential prescribing omissions (PPOs) · older people receiving polypharmacy

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 691 participants
Very low

Pharmaceutical care vs usual care

The proportion of patients with one or more potential prescribing omission (PPO) · older people receiving polypharmacy

It is very uncertain whether pharmaceutical care changes the proportion of patients with one or more potential prescribing… compared with usual care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.5 [0.27, 0.91]
7 studies · 2765 participants
Very low

Pharmaceutical care vs usual care

Hospital admissions · older people receiving polypharmacy

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
14 studies · 4797 participants
Low

Pharmaceutical care vs usual care

Quality of life · older people receiving polypharmacy

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
16 studies · 7458 participants
Low

Intermittent phototherapy vs continuous phototherapy

Rate of decline of serum bilirubin (micromol/L/hr) · neonatal jaundice

1 finding from 1 review

Intermittent phototherapy versus continuous phototherapy for neonatal jaundice 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 1225 participants
Low

Intermittent phototherapy vs continuous phototherapy

Bilirubin‐induced brain dysfunction (defined as either the pathological finding of deep‐yellow staining of neurons and neuronal necrosis of the basal ganglia and brainstem nuclei or acute or chronic neurological deficit including athetoid cerebral... · neonatal jaundice

1 finding from 1 review

Intermittent phototherapy versus continuous phototherapy for neonatal jaundice 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 60 participants
Very low

Intermittent phototherapy vs continuous phototherapy

Treatment failure (need to restart phototherapy or exchange transfusion or both) · neonatal jaundice

1 finding from 1 review

Intermittent phototherapy versus continuous phototherapy for neonatal jaundice 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 75 participants
Very low

Intermittent phototherapy vs continuous phototherapy

Mortality (all cause) · neonatal jaundice

1 finding from 1 review

Intermittent phototherapy versus continuous phototherapy for neonatal jaundice 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 1470 participants
Low

Antioxidants vs control

Cardiovascular mortality · adults with CKD

Antioxidants showed no clear difference in cardiovascular death compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.94 [0.64, 1.4]
8 studies · 3813 participants
Low

Antioxidants vs control

Death (any cause) · adults with CKD

Antioxidants showed no clear difference in death (any cause) compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.82, 1.11]
45 studies · 7530 participants
Moderate

Antioxidants vs control

CVD · adults with CKD

Antioxidants probably leads to lower cardiovascular disease compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.79 [0.63, 0.99]
16 studies · 4768 participants
Moderate

Antioxidants vs control

Heart failure · adults with CKD

Antioxidants probably leads to higher heart failure compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.4 [1.11, 1.76]
6 studies · 3733 participants
Moderate

Antioxidants vs control

Kidney failure · adults with CKD

Antioxidants showed no clear difference in kidney failure compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.65 [0.41, 1.02]
10 studies · 3201 participants
Moderate

Antioxidants vs control

Change in eGFR · adults with CKD

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
28 studies · 4128 participants
Very low

Antioxidants vs control

Graft loss · adults with CKD

Antioxidants showed no clear difference in graft loss compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.88 [0.67, 1.17]
11 studies · 1053 participants
Moderate

Antioxidants vs control

Infection · adults with CKD

Antioxidants probably leads to higher infection compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.3 [1.14, 1.5]
14 studies · 3697 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Mean BCVA (logMAR) · people with proliferative diabetic retinopathy undergoing vitrectomy

The intervention showed no clear difference in mean BCVA (logMAR) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factors in combination with vitrectomy for complications of proliferative diabetic… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
13 studies · 699 participants
Low