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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

715 questions · 767 findings · 53 reviews · Back and Neck

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No studies found 149 · 19.4%GRADE not reported 41 · 5.3%Very low 168 · 21.9%Low 226 · 29.5%Moderate 156 · 20.3%High 27 · 3.5%

Paracetamol vs placebo

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · Patients with acute low‐back pain
2 findings from 1 review

Paracetamol vs placebo

Any adverse events Up to 12 weeks' · Patients with acute low‐back pain

Paracetamol showed no clear difference in any adverse events Up to 12 weeks' compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol vs placebo

Serious adverse events Up to 12 weeks' · Patients with acute low‐back pain

Paracetamol showed no clear difference in serious adverse events Up to 12 weeks' compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

NSAIDs vs placebo

Change in pain intensity from baseline on VAS (0 to 100) short‐term · people with low back pain with sciatica

It is very uncertain whether NSAIDs changes change in pain intensity from baseline on VAS (0 to 100) short‐term compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR DECOMPRESSION vs fusion

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · patients with lumbar stenosis

It is very uncertain whether SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR DECOMPRESSION changes pain Long‐term (≥ 12 months) Pain scores converted to 0 to 100 scale… compared with FUSION (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR FUSION vs INTERSPINOUS SPACERS

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · patients with lumbar stenosis

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR FUSION showed no clear difference in pain Long‐term (≥ 12 months) Pain scores converted to 0 to 100 scale… compared with INTERSPINOUS SPACERS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR FUSION vs INTERSPINOUS SPACERS

Disability Long‐term (≥ 12 months) Disability scores converted to 0 to 100 scale to allow for comparison of different disability scales (RMDQ, ODI, JOA) · patients with lumbar stenosis

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR FUSION may leads to higher disability Long‐term (≥ 12 months) Disability scores converted to 0… compared with INTERSPINOUS SPACERS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR FUSION vs INTERSPINOUS SPACERS

Total operative and perioperative blood loss (mL) ( · patients with lumbar stenosis

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR FUSION probably leads to higher blood loss Amount of perioperative blood loss reported in mL compared with INTERSPINOUS SPACERS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR DECOMPRESSION vs fusion

Disability Long‐term (≥ 12 months) Disability scores converted to 0 to 100 scale to allow for comparison of different disability scales (RMDQ, ODI, JOA) · patients with lumbar stenosis

It is very uncertain whether SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR DECOMPRESSION changes disability Long‐term (≥ 12 months) Disability scores converted to 0… compared with FUSION (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR DECOMPRESSION vs INTERSPINOUS SPACERS

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · patients with lumbar stenosis

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR DECOMPRESSION showed no clear difference in pain Long‐term (≥ 12 months) Pain scores converted to 0 to 100 scale… compared with INTERSPINOUS SPACERS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review