Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,234 questions · 2,325 findings · 216 reviews · Airways

No studies found 249 · 10.7%GRADE not reported 107 · 4.6%Very low 276 · 11.9%Low 751 · 32.3%Moderate 718 · 30.9%High 224 · 9.6%

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant vs placebo

Side effects or other adverse events · adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant showed no clear difference in adverse events/side effects compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intravenous magnesium sulfate + standard care vs placebo + standard care

Proportion of people with hospital admissions (from the emergency room) · acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Intravenous magnesium sulfate + standard care may leads to lower proportion of people with hospital admissions (from the emergency… compared with placebo + standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nebulised magnesium sulfate + standard care vs placebo + standard care

Proportion of people requiring ventilatory support (NIV or assisted ventilation) · acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether nebulised magnesium sulfate + standard care changes proportion of people requiring ventilatory support (NIV or assisted… compared with placebo + standard care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Magnesium sulfate vs ipratropium

Proportion of people with hospital admissions (from the emergency room) · acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether magnesium sulfate changes proportion of people with hospital admissions (from the emergency… compared with standard care (ipratropium bromide) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Magnesium sulfate vs ipratropium

Endotracheal intubation To discharge · acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether magnesium sulfate changes proportion of people requiring endotracheal intubation compared with standard care (ipratropium bromide) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review