What do systematic reviews say?

Summary of findings table ‐ Topical capsaicin vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  4 weeks
  Three participants from the topical capsaicin group withdrew from the study by Winocur et al 2000 due to the severity of the burning sensation and redness.
  1 study · 30 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral gabapentin vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  12 weeks
  Four of the participants withdrew from the study by Kimos et al 2007 due to adverse effects, but neither the type of adverse effect nor the trial group was specified.
  1 study · 44 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral glucosamine hydrochloride/chondroitin sulphate vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  3 months
  Two allergic reactions and one severe abdominal pain led to three withdrawals from the intervention group in the study by Nguyen et al 2001.
  1 study · 45 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral clonazepam (benzodiazepine) vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  60 days
  One participant in the clonazepam group withdrew from the study by Harkins et al 1991 due to severe headache.
  1 study · 20 participants
  GRADE not reported

First‐line thiazides vs calcium channel blockers

First‐line thiazides may leads to lower withdrawals due to adverse effects Duration: 1 to 5 years compared with first‐line calcium channel blockers (low certainty).

• First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.81 [0.75, 0.88]
  7 studies · 33908 participants
  Low

First‐line thiazides vs ACE inhibitor

First‐line thiazides probably leads to lower withdrawals due to adverse effects Duration: 1 to 5 years compared with first‐line ACE inhibitors (moderate certainty).

• First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.73 [0.64, 0.84]
  3 studies · 25254 participants
  Moderate

First‐line thiazides vs alpha‐blocker

First‐line thiazides may leads to lower withdrawals due to adverse effects Duration: 1 to 3.2 years compared with first‐line alpha‐blockers (low certainty).

• First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.7 [0.54, 0.89]
  3 studies · 24772 participants
  Low

First‐line thiazides vs beta‐blocker

• First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 18501 participants
  Moderate

Any antihypertensive drug vs placebo or no treatment

Antihypertensive drug may leads to higher withdrawals due to adverse effects Mean duration of 4.6 years compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

• Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in adults 60 years or older 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.91 [2.56, 3.3]
  4 studies · 11310 participants
  Low

Calcium channel blockers vs placebo

Calcium channel blockers showed no clear difference in number of withdrawals due to adverse events Number of participants… compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Calcium channel blockers for primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.3 [0.51, 3.33]
  2 studies · 63 participants
  Low