What do systematic reviews say?

Any glucocorticoid vs no glucocorticoids or placebo

It is very uncertain whether glucocorticoids changes miscarriage rate per couple compared with no glucocorticoids or placebo (very low certainty).

• Peri‐implantation glucocorticoid administration for assisted reproductive technology cycles 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.09 [0.63, 1.87]
  6 studies · 821 participants
  Very low

Aromatase inhibitors vs anti‐oestrogens

Aromatase inhibitors showed no clear difference in miscarriage rate per couple compared with anti‐oestrogens (low certainty).

• Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.91 [0.47, 1.77]
  3 studies · 967 participants
  Low

Gonadotropins with GnRH agonists vs gonadotropins alone

It is very uncertain whether gonadotropins with GnRH agonists changes miscarriage rate per couple compared with gonadotropins alone (very low certainty).

• Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.07 [0.18, 24.15]
  1 study · 60 participants
  Very low

Gonadotropins with GnRH antagonist vs gonadotropins alone

Gonadotropins with GnRH antagonist showed no clear difference in miscarriage rate per couple compared with gonadotropins alone (low certainty).

• Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.37 [0.84, 2.22]
  9 studies · 2054 participants
  Low

Aromatase inhibitors vs gonadotropins alone

Aromatase inhibitors may leads to lower miscarriage rate per couple compared with gonadotropins (low certainty).

• Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.53 [0.3, 0.92]
  2 studies · 650 participants
  Low

Aromatase inhibitors with gonadotropins vs anti‐oestrogens with gonadotropins

It is very uncertain whether aromatase inhibitors with gonadotropins changes miscarriage rate per couple compared with anti‐oestrogens with gonadotropins (very low certainty).

• Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.44 [0.75, 2.77]
  7 studies · 1164 participants
  Very low

Gonadotropins vs anti‐oestrogens

Gonadotropins showed no clear difference in miscarriage rate per couple compared with anti‐oestrogens (low certainty).

• Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.25 [0.88, 1.77]
  6 studies · 2002 participants
  Low

IUI in a stimulated cycle vs TI or expectant management

IUI in a stimulated cycle showed no clear difference in miscarriage rate per couple compared with TI or expectant management (low certainty).

• Intra‐uterine insemination for unexplained subfertility 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.66 [0.56, 4.88]
  2 studies · 208 participants
  Low
• Intra‐uterine insemination for unexplained subfertility 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.87 [1.18, 7.01]
  2 studies · 454 participants
  Moderate

IUI in a stimulated cycle vs IUI

IUI in a stimulated cycle showed no clear difference in miscarriage rate per couple compared with IUI (low certainty).

• Intra‐uterine insemination for unexplained subfertility 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 5.21 [0.19, 141.08]
  1 study · 26 participants
  Low

IUI in a natural cycle vs TI or expectant management

IUI in a natural cycle showed no clear difference in miscarriage rate per couple compared with TI or expectant management (low certainty).

• Intra‐uterine insemination for unexplained subfertility 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.77 [0.28, 2.11]
  1 study · 334 participants
  Low

Swim‐up technique vs wash and centrifugation

• Semen preparation techniques for intrauterine insemination 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 20 participants
  Very low

Gradient technique vs wash and centrifugation

It is very uncertain whether gradient technique changes miscarriage rate per couple compared with wash and centrifugation (very low certainty).

• Semen preparation techniques for intrauterine insemination 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 6.11 [0.27, 138.45]
  1 study · 31 participants
  Very low

Swim‐up technique vs gradient technique

It is very uncertain whether swim‐up technique changes miscarriage rate per couple compared with gradient technique (very low certainty).

• Semen preparation techniques for intrauterine insemination 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.85 [0.28, 2.59]
  3 studies · 330 participants
  Very low

IUI in a stimulated cycle vs IUI

It is very uncertain whether IUI in stimulated cycles changes miscarriage rate per couple compared with IUI (very low certainty).

• Assisted reproductive technologies for male subfertility 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.06 [0.2, 5.63]
  Studies not reported
  Very low

IUI in a stimulated cycle vs TI

IUI in stimulated cycles showed no clear difference in miscarriage rate per couple compared with TI (low certainty).

• Assisted reproductive technologies for male subfertility 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.03 [0.19, 5.42]
  Studies not reported
  Low

IUI in a natural cycle vs TI or expectant management

IUI in a natural cycle showed no clear difference in miscarriage rater per couple compared with TI or expectant management (low certainty).

• Intra‐uterine insemination for unexplained subfertility 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.91 [0.32, 2.58]
  1 study · 342 participants
  Low