What do systematic reviews say?

12,500 ppm F (NaF/olaflur/dectaflur) amine fluoride gel vs Placebo gel

• Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At debond; mean follow-up 16.6 months
  Additional SoF Table 1. Adverse effects: with placebo gel 0.60%; with fluoride gel 0.00% (0 to 0); difference 0.60% fewer (0.60 fewer to 0.60 fewer); relative effect not estimable; 312 participants (1 RCT); certainty…
  1 study · 312 participants
  Very low

Professionally-applied 12,300 ppm F APF foam, every 2 months vs 0 ppm F placebo foam

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At debond (end of orthodontic treatment)
  SoF 2. Adverse effects: none of the trials reported this outcome.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Fluoride varnish vs Non-fluoride (placebo) varnish

• Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At debond; follow-up 1.7 years
  SoF 1. Adverse effects: no evidence that the intervention had adverse effects; only 1 participant with an adverse event and unclear if directly related to the intervention. 148 participants (1 RCT, Sonesson 2019);…
  1 study · 148 participants
  Low

Acupuncture at P6 point with sedation vs Sham (dummy) acupuncture with sedation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects: none of the trials reported this outcome (Lu 2000 did not report adverse events).
  0 studies
  No studies found

HP paint-on gel vs HP paint-on gel

• Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Tooth sensitivity in both groups with no evidence of a difference (Ziebolz 2008)
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

HP gel in tray vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Not reported
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

HP mouthwash vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Not reported
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

CP paint-on gel vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Not reported
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

CP gel in tray vs placebo

• Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Main adverse events reported in majority of trials were mild and transient tooth sensitivity and oral irritation which occurred more in the intervention group compared to placebo
  3 studies
  GRADE not reported

HP strips vs HP gel in tray

• Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Tooth sensitivity and oral irritation mild and transient and did not differ between groups
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

HP paint-on gel vs HP strips

• Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse events mild; slightly higher tooth hypersensitivity and gingival irritation in strip group but no evidence of a difference
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

SHMP chewing gum vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Not reported
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

CP paint-on gel vs HP paint-on gel

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Not reported
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

CP paint-on gel vs CP paint-on gel

• Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Very mild tooth sensitivity in the 4x/day group; gingival and tooth sensitivity transient, none withdrew
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

CP gel in tray vs CP gel in tray

• Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Higher concentrations of CP in tray led to more tooth sensitivity and gingival irritation; symptoms mild and transient; CP with desensitiser showed significantly less sensitivity
  4 studies
  GRADE not reported

HP strips vs CP gel in tray

• Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Results variable for tooth sensitivity and oral irritation, some favouring strip, some tray, some no difference
  7 studies
  GRADE not reported

Withdrawal of anticholinergic medication vs continuing anticholinergic medication

• Anticholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Melatonin vs placebo or no treatment

• Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 54 participants
  Low

Brief intervention vs no intervention or minimal intervention

• Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 5 participants
  Very low

Public reporting of performance data vs no public reporting

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Impact of public release of performance data on the behaviour of healthcare consumers and providers 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found