Non-Cochrane · DTA;umbrella · PM42663684
Non-invasive detection and monitoring of oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral potentially malignant disorders: an umbrella review on diagnostic accuracy.
Groenevelt M C C, Meulenbroeks L, Brakenhoff R H, et al. · Clinical oral investigations · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.1007/s00784-026-07109-x
Findings
258 findings
| Population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Conventional oral examination (COE) | Histopathology (reference standard) | Sensitivity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | Sensitivity 0.81 [0.72, 0.88] GRADE not reported 79 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Conventional oral examination (COE) | Histopathology (reference standard) | Specificity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | Specificity 0.82 [0.68, 0.90] GRADE not reported 79 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Conventional oral examination (COE) | Histopathology (reference standard) | Diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | DOR 19.3 [8.2, 45.7] GRADE not reported 79 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Vital staining | Histopathology (reference standard) | Diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | DOR 9.7 [4.0, 23.1] GRADE not reported 100 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Vital staining | Histopathology (reference standard) | Sensitivity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | Sensitivity 0.81 [0.71, 0.88] GRADE not reported 100 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Vital staining | Histopathology (reference standard) | Specificity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | Specificity 0.69 [0.53, 0.82] GRADE not reported 100 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Chemiluminescence | Histopathology (reference standard) | Specificity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | Specificity 0.54 [0.38, 0.69] GRADE not reported 92 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Chemiluminescence | Histopathology (reference standard) | Sensitivity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | Sensitivity 0.80 [0.69, 0.87] GRADE not reported 92 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Chemiluminescence | Histopathology (reference standard) | Diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | DOR 4.5 [1.9, 10.5] GRADE not reported 92 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Autofluorescence | Histopathology (reference standard) | Diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | DOR 8.7 [4.3, 17.7] GRADE not reported 147 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Autofluorescence | Histopathology (reference standard) | Specificity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | Specificity 0.61 [0.47, 0.74] GRADE not reported 147 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Autofluorescence | Histopathology (reference standard) | Sensitivity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | Sensitivity 0.85 [0.78, 0.90] GRADE not reported 147 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Optical coherence tomography (OCT) | Histopathology (reference standard) | Specificity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | Specificity 0.91 [0.64, 0.98] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Optical coherence tomography (OCT) | Histopathology (reference standard) | Sensitivity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | Sensitivity 0.91 [0.74, 0.98] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Optical coherence tomography (OCT) | Histopathology (reference standard) | Diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | DOR 108.5 [13.5, 873.1] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| OSCC and/or oral potentially malignant disorders | Optical imaging | None | DOR Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | DOR 22.5 [10.3, 873.1] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Optical imaging | Histopathology (reference standard) | Specificity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | Specificity 0.87 [0.78, 0.93] GRADE not reported 53 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Optical imaging | Histopathology (reference standard) | Sensitivity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | Sensitivity 0.77 [0.67, 0.85] GRADE not reported 53 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Spectroscopy-based techniques | Histopathology (reference standard) | Specificity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | Specificity 0.87 [0.76, 0.94] GRADE not reported 26 studies |
| OSCC and/or oral potentially malignant disorders | Spectroscopy | None | Sensitivity Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | Sensitivity 0.92 [0.85, 0.90] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| OSCC and/or oral potentially malignant disorders | Spectroscopy | None | DOR Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | DOR 78.7 [29.1, 49.1] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Spectroscopy-based techniques (without AI) | Histopathology (reference standard) | Sensitivity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported · Bayesian multivariate meta-regression with test type as covariate | Sensitivity 0.95 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Cytology-based (oral brush) techniques | Histopathology (reference standard) | Sensitivity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | Sensitivity 0.89 [0.82, 0.94] GRADE not reported 69 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Cytology-based (oral brush) techniques | Histopathology (reference standard) | Diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | DOR 74.1 [31.3, 175.6] GRADE not reported 69 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Cytology-based (oral brush) techniques | Histopathology (reference standard) | Specificity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | Specificity 0.90 [0.82, 0.95] GRADE not reported 69 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Imaging-based techniques | Histopathology (reference standard) | Diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | DOR 29.1 [8.9, 95.3] GRADE not reported 42 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Imaging-based techniques | Histopathology (reference standard) | Sensitivity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | Sensitivity 0.78 [0.62, 0.88] GRADE not reported 42 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | Imaging-based techniques | Histopathology (reference standard) | Specificity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | Specificity 0.89 [0.76, 0.96] GRADE not reported 42 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | AI-assisted autofluorescence | Histopathology (reference standard) | Sensitivity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | Sensitivity 0.90 [0.81, 0.95] GRADE not reported 17 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | AI-assisted autofluorescence | Histopathology (reference standard) | Specificity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | Specificity 0.93 [0.83, 0.97] GRADE not reported 17 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | AI-assisted autofluorescence | Histopathology (reference standard) | Diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | DOR 126.2 [36.6, 434.8] GRADE not reported 17 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | AI-assisted clinical photography | Histopathology (reference standard) | Specificity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | Specificity 0.91 [0.73, 0.97] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | AI-assisted clinical photography | Histopathology (reference standard) | Diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | DOR 94.9 [19.9, 451.3] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | AI-assisted clinical photography | Histopathology (reference standard) | Sensitivity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | Sensitivity 0.91 [0.78, 0.97] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | AI-assisted optical coherence tomography | Histopathology (reference standard) | Diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | DOR 372.5 [59.7, 2325.1] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | AI-assisted optical coherence tomography | Histopathology (reference standard) | Specificity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | Specificity 0.96 [0.84, 0.99] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | AI-assisted optical coherence tomography | Histopathology (reference standard) | Specificity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported · Bayesian multivariate meta-regression with test type as covariate | Specificity 0.93 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | AI-assisted optical coherence tomography | Histopathology (reference standard) | Sensitivity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported · Bayesian multivariate meta-regression with test type as covariate | Sensitivity 0.95 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | AI-assisted optical coherence tomography | Histopathology (reference standard) | Sensitivity Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | Sensitivity 0.94 [0.83, 0.98] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| OSCC and/or oral potentially malignant disorders | AI + Spectroscopy | None | DOR | DOR 548.3 [64.9, 4633.0] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| OSCC and/or oral potentially malignant disorders | AI + Spectroscopy | None | Specificity | Specificity 0.93 [0.68, 0.99] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| OSCC and/or oral potentially malignant disorders | AI + Spectroscopy | None | Sensitivity | Sensitivity 0.98 [0.92, 0.99] GRADE not reported 1 study |
| OPMD, OSCC | COE | None | Specificity Primary care · Conventional Oral Examination; table row 6 | Specificity 0.92 [0.78, 0.97] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 10069 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | COE | None | DOR Conventional Oral Examination; table row 3 | DOR 6.00 [3.00, 14.00] GRADE not reported 16 studies · 2835 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | COE | None | Sensitivity Conventional Oral Examination; table row 1 | Sensitivity 0.93 [0.91, 0.94] GRADE not reported 24 studies · 7079 participants |
| Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | All non-invasive techniques (mean across techniques) | Histopathology (reference standard) | Diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) Primary and specialist care, mostly unreported | DOR 24.7 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD, OSCC | COE | None | Sensitivity Conventional Oral Examination; table row 2 | Sensitivity 0.89 [0.79, 0.95] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | COE | None | Sensitivity Conventional Oral Examination; table row 5 | Sensitivity 0.76 [0.63, 0.86] GRADE not reported 11 studies · 705 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | COE | None | Specificity Conventional Oral Examination; table row 1 | Specificity 0.31 [0.28, 0.34] GRADE not reported 24 studies · 7079 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | COE | None | Specificity Conventional Oral Examination; table row 2 | Specificity 0.61 [0.12, 0.98] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | COE | None | Specificity Primary care · Conventional Oral Examination; table row 7 | Specificity 0.97 [0.97, 0.97] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 110171 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | COE | None | Sensitivity Primary care · Conventional Oral Examination; table row 6 | Sensitivity 0.89 [0.72, 0.96] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 10069 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | COE | None | Specificity Conventional Oral Examination; table row 3 | Specificity 0.78 [0.65, 0.87] GRADE not reported 16 studies · 2835 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | COE | None | Sensitivity Conventional Oral Examination; table row 3 | Sensitivity 0.63 [0.45, 0.78] GRADE not reported 16 studies · 2835 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | COE | None | Sensitivity Primary care · Conventional Oral Examination; table row 7 | Sensitivity 0.75 [0.74, 0.76] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 110171 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | COE | None | DOR Conventional Oral Examination; table row 1 | DOR 6.10 [2.10, 17.60] GRADE not reported 24 studies · 7079 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | COE | None | Specificity Conventional Oral Examination; table row 5 | Specificity 0.80 [0.59, 0.92] GRADE not reported 11 studies · 705 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | COE | None | DOR Primary care · Conventional Oral Examination; table row 7 | DOR 131.84 [18.50, 939.48] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 110171 participants |
| OPMD | COE | None | Sensitivity Specialist care · Conventional Oral Examination; table row 4 | Sensitivity 0.71 [0.57, 0.81] GRADE not reported 14 studies |
| OPMD | COE | None | Specificity Specialist care · Conventional Oral Examination; table row 4 | Specificity 0.85 [0.68, 0.94] GRADE not reported 14 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | TB | None | Specificity Vital staining; table row 8 | Specificity 0.53 [0.37, 0.69] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD, OSCC | TB | None | Sensitivity Specialist care · Vital staining; table row 10 | Sensitivity 0.87 [0.80, 0.94] GRADE not reported 15 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | TB | None | Specificity Specialist care · Vital staining; table row 12 | Specificity 0.68 [0.58, 0.77] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD, OSCC | TB | None | Sensitivity Vital staining; table row 11 | Sensitivity 0.73 [0.65, 0.79] GRADE not reported 27 studies · 1921 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | TB | None | Specificity Specialist care · Vital staining; table row 10 | Specificity 0.71 [0.61, 0.82] GRADE not reported 15 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | TB | None | DOR Vital staining; table row 11 | DOR 7.02 [4.54, 10.84] GRADE not reported 27 studies · 1921 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | TB | None | Specificity Vital staining; table row 13 | Specificity 0.81 [0.68, 0.90] GRADE not reported 14 studies · 705 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | TB | None | Specificity Vital staining; table row 11 | Specificity 0.70 [0.63, 0.75] GRADE not reported 27 studies · 1921 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | TB | None | Sensitivity Vital staining; table row 13 | Sensitivity 0.71 [0.61, 0.80] GRADE not reported 14 studies · 705 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | TB | None | Sensitivity Vital staining; table row 8 | Sensitivity 0.82 [0.64, 0.95] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD, OSCC | TB | None | Sensitivity Specialist care · Vital staining; table row 12 | Sensitivity 0.86 [0.79, 0.90] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD, OSCC | TB, LI, RB | None | Specificity Specialist care · Vital staining; table row 9 | Specificity 0.70 [0.59, 0.79] GRADE not reported 14 studies · 1248 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | TB, LI, RB | None | Sensitivity Specialist care · Vital staining; table row 9 | Sensitivity 0.84 [0.74, 0.90] GRADE not reported 14 studies · 1248 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | ViziLite, ViziLite Plus, Microlux DL | None | Specificity Specialist care · Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 14 | Specificity 0.31 [0.25, 0.36] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | ViziLite, ViziLite Plus, Microlux DL | None | Sensitivity Specialist care · Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 14 | Sensitivity 0.72 [0.62, 0.81] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | ViziLite | None | DOR Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 23 | DOR 5.10 [0.90, 28.94] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 550 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | ViziLite | None | Specificity Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 15 | Specificity 0.48 [0.28, 0.69] GRADE not reported 15 studies · 2399 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | ViziLite | None | DOR Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 15 | DOR 2.00 [1.00, 5.00] GRADE not reported 15 studies · 2399 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | ViziLite | None | Specificity Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 23 | Specificity 0.47 [0.40, 0.53] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 550 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | ViziLite | None | Sensitivity Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 23 | Sensitivity 0.74 [0.68, 0.79] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 550 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | ViziLite | None | Sensitivity Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 15 | Sensitivity 0.67 [0.38, 0.87] GRADE not reported 15 studies · 2399 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | ViziLite, Microlux DL | None | Specificity Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 16 | Specificity 0.52 [0.37, 0.66] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 582 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | ViziLite, Microlux DL | None | DOR Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 16 | DOR 8.59 [2.11, 22.38] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 582 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | ViziLite, Microlux DL | None | Sensitivity Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 16 | Sensitivity 0.85 [0.67, 0.97] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 582 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | CHEM | None | Specificity Specialist care · Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 17 | Specificity 0.19 [0.03, 0.67] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD, OSCC | CHEM | None | DOR Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 18 | DOR 4.06 [1.53, 10.80] GRADE not reported 16 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | CHEM | None | Specificity Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 18 | Specificity 0.43 [0.22, 0.67] GRADE not reported 16 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | CHEM | None | Sensitivity Specialist care · Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 17 | Sensitivity 0.94 [0.35, 0.99] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD, OSCC | CHEM | None | Specificity Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 22 | Specificity 0.57 [0.29, 0.81] GRADE not reported 11 studies · 731 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | CHEM | None | Sensitivity Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 22 | Sensitivity 0.88 [0.76, 0.94] GRADE not reported 11 studies · 731 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | CHEM | None | Sensitivity Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 18 | Sensitivity 0.85 [0.69, 0.92] GRADE not reported 16 studies |
| OPMD (OL) | CHEM | None | Specificity Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 19 | Specificity 0.98 [0.91, 1.00] GRADE not reported 11 studies · 906 participants |
| OPMD (OL) | CHEM | None | Sensitivity Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 19 | Sensitivity 0.75 [0.29, 0.98] GRADE not reported 11 studies · 906 participants |
| OPMD (OL) | CHEM | None | DOR Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 19 | DOR 9.63 [1.08, 85.98] GRADE not reported 11 studies · 906 participants |
| OPMD (OLP) | CHEM | None | Specificity Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 20 | Specificity 0.60 [0.11, 0.96] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 439 participants |
| OPMD (OLP) | CHEM | None | Sensitivity Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 20 | Sensitivity 0.78 [0.18, 1.00] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 439 participants |
| OPMD (OLP) | CHEM | None | DOR Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 20 | DOR 3.02 [0.21, 44.38] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 439 participants |
| OPMD (OSF) | CHEM | None | Specificity Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 21 | Specificity 0.76 [0.12, 1.00] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 438 participants |
| OPMD (OSF) | CHEM | None | DOR Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 21 | DOR 4.12 [0.22, 77.63] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 438 participants |
| OPMD (OSF) | CHEM | None | Sensitivity Light-based – Chemiluminescence; table row 21 | Sensitivity 0.89 [0.13, 1.00] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 438 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | AF, LIAF | None | Sensitivity Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 24 | Sensitivity 0.98 [0.93, 1.00] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD, OSCC | AF, LIAF | None | Specificity Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 24 | Specificity 0.84 [0.65, 0.95] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD, OSCC | AF | None | Specificity Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 31 | Specificity 0.49 [0.29, 0.69] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 659 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | AF | None | Sensitivity Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 32 | Sensitivity 0.75 [0.72, 0.78] GRADE not reported 15 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | AF | None | DOR Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 32 | DOR 3.65 [1.76, 7.55] GRADE not reported 15 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | AF | None | Specificity Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 32 | Specificity 0.50 [0.47, 0.53] GRADE not reported 15 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | AF | None | DOR Specialist care · Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 27 | DOR 8.20 [4.02, 16.72] GRADE not reported 27 studies · 2695 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | AF | None | Sensitivity Specialist care · Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 27 | Sensitivity 0.82 [0.75, 0.88] GRADE not reported 27 studies · 2695 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | AF | None | DOR Specialist care · Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 25 | DOR 11.52 [3.10, 42.87] GRADE not reported 16 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | AF | None | Sensitivity Specialist care · Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 25 | Sensitivity 0.88 [0.77, 0.94] GRADE not reported 16 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | AF | None | Sensitivity Specialist care · Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 30 | Sensitivity 0.88 [0.80, 0.93] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD, OSCC | AF | None | Sensitivity Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 31 | Sensitivity 0.86 [0.74, 0.92] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 659 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | AF | None | Specificity Specialist care · Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 25 | Specificity 0.62 [0.41, 0.79] GRADE not reported 16 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | AF | None | Specificity Specialist care · Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 30 | Specificity 0.61 [0.44, 0.75] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD, OSCC | AF | None | Specificity Specialist care · Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 27 | Specificity 0.62 [0.49, 0.75] GRADE not reported 27 studies · 2695 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | VELscope,OralID | None | Specificity Specialist care · Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 26 | Specificity 0.72 [0.35, 1.00] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | VELscope,OralID | None | Sensitivity Specialist care · Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 26 | Sensitivity 0.90 [0.76, 1.00] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | VELscope, EVINCE, GOCCLES and other methods | None | Sensitivity Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 28 | Sensitivity 0.86 [0.77, 0.91] GRADE not reported 25 studies · 2149 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | VELscope, EVINCE, GOCCLES and other methods | None | Specificity Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 28 | Specificity 0.72 [0.61, 0.81] GRADE not reported 25 studies · 2149 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | VELscope, EVINCE, GOCCLES and other methods | None | DOR Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 28 | DOR 15.00 [7.00, 33.00] GRADE not reported 25 studies · 2149 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | VELscope,Horus UOC100, Identafi, GOCCLES | None | Specificity Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 29 | Specificity 0.52 [0.37, 0.67] GRADE not reported 17 studies · 2061 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | VELscope,Horus UOC100, Identafi, GOCCLES | None | Sensitivity Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 29 | Sensitivity 0.81 [0.74, 0.88] GRADE not reported 17 studies · 2061 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | VELscope,Horus UOC100, Identafi, GOCCLES | None | DOR Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 29 | DOR 5.44 [2.29, 10.56] GRADE not reported 17 studies · 2061 participants |
| OPMD | VELscope | None | Specificity Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 33 | Specificity 0.57 [0.53, 0.60] GRADE not reported 10 studies · 1308 participants |
| OPMD | VELscope | None | Sensitivity Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 33 | Sensitivity 0.74 [0.68, 0.80] GRADE not reported 10 studies · 1308 participants |
| OPMD | VELscope | None | DOR Light-based – Autofluorescence; table row 33 | DOR 2.55 [0.85, 7.68] GRADE not reported 10 studies · 1308 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | Specificity Optical imaging; table row 40 | Specificity 0.90 [0.86, 0.93] GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | Sensitivity Optical imaging; table row 39 | Sensitivity 0.90 [0.83, 0.95] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 224 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | DOR Optical imaging; table row 34 | DOR 33.6 GRADE not reported 4 studies · 548 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | DOR Optical imaging; table row 38 | DOR 53.80 [12.95, 223.45] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | Sensitivity Optical imaging; table row 37 | Sensitivity 0.99 [0.61, 1.00] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | Sensitivity Optical imaging; table row 40 | Sensitivity 0.31 [0.25, 0.37] GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | DOR Optical imaging; table row 43 | DOR 28.38 [7.18, 112.11] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 1232 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | Specificity Optical imaging; table row 45 | Specificity 0.55 [0.23, 0.83] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 890 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | Specificity Optical imaging; table row 38 | Specificity 0.99 [0.92, 1.00] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | Sensitivity Optical imaging; table row 45 | Sensitivity 0.97 [0.82, 0.99] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 890 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | DOR Optical imaging; table row 44 | DOR 63.54 [20.17, 200.19] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 946 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | Specificity Optical imaging; table row 39 | Specificity 0.95 [0.76, 0.99] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 224 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | DOR Optical imaging; table row 45 | DOR 36.21 [5.38, 243.74] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 890 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | Sensitivity Optical imaging; table row 44 | Sensitivity 0.69 [0.47, 0.85] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 946 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | Specificity Optical imaging; table row 36 | Specificity 0.95 [0.71, 0.99] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | Sensitivity Optical imaging; table row 34 | Sensitivity 0.76 [0.65, 0.84] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 548 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | Specificity Optical imaging; table row 44 | Specificity 0.97 [0.88, 0.99] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 946 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | Specificity Optical imaging; table row 43 | Specificity 0.95 [0.85, 0.99] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 1232 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | Specificity Optical imaging; table row 34 | Specificity 0.92 [0.82, 0.96] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 548 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | Sensitivity Optical imaging; table row 42 | Sensitivity 0.87 [0.67, 0.96] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 1179 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | Specificity Optical imaging; table row 42 | Specificity 0.83 [0.56, 0.95] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 1179 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | DOR Optical imaging; table row 40 | DOR 4.12 [1.89, 8.99] GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | Specificity Optical imaging; table row 37 | Specificity 0.57 [0.31, 0.79] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | Sensitivity Optical imaging; table row 36 | Sensitivity 0.87 [0.72, 0.94] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | DOR Optical imaging; table row 42 | DOR 87.40 [8.62, 886.50] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 1179 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | DOR Optical imaging; table row 36 | DOR 57.76 [12.39, 269.40] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | Sensitivity Optical imaging; table row 38 | Sensitivity 0.60 [0.34, 0.82] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | Sensitivity Optical imaging; table row 43 | Sensitivity 0.58 [0.19, 0.89] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 1232 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | NBI | None | DOR Optical imaging; table row 37 | DOR 42.31 [3.08, 582.16] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | WLE | None | DOR Optical imaging; table row 35 | DOR 8.99 [0.001, 1333.30] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | WLE | None | Sensitivity Optical imaging; table row 35 Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | Sensitivity 0.48 [0.61, 0.99] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | WLE | None | Specificity Optical imaging; table row 35 | Specificity 0.52 [0.41, 0.63] GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | OCT | None | Specificity Specialist care · Optical imaging; table row 41 | Specificity 0.91 [0.86, 0.95] GRADE not reported 12 studies · 481 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | OCT | None | Sensitivity Specialist care · Optical imaging; table row 41 | Sensitivity 0.91 [0.88, 0.94] GRADE not reported 12 studies · 481 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | OCT | None | DOR Specialist care · Optical imaging; table row 41 | DOR 86.92 [38.74, 195.00] GRADE not reported 12 studies · 481 participants |
| OSCC | Diffuse-weighted MRI | None | DOR Specialist care · Imaging-based techniques; table row 46 | DOR 30.70 [12.70, 74.30] GRADE not reported 9 studies |
| OSCC | Diffuse-weighted MRI | None | Sensitivity Specialist care · Imaging-based techniques; table row 46 | Sensitivity 0.76 [0.67, 0.84] GRADE not reported 9 studies |
| OSCC | Diffuse-weighted MRI | None | Specificity Specialist care · Imaging-based techniques; table row 46 | Specificity 0.91 [0.87, 0.94] GRADE not reported 9 studies |
| OSCC | Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI | None | Specificity Specialist care · Imaging-based techniques; table row 47 | Specificity 0.90 [0.85, 0.93] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| OSCC | Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI | None | Sensitivity Specialist care · Imaging-based techniques; table row 47 | Sensitivity 0.84 [0.76, 0.90] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| OSCC | Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI | None | DOR Specialist care · Imaging-based techniques; table row 47 | DOR 48.10 [22.40, 103.20] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| OSCC | traditional MRI | None | DOR Specialist care · Imaging-based techniques; table row 48 | DOR 23.90 [13.20, 43.30] GRADE not reported 13 studies |
| OSCC | traditional MRI | None | Sensitivity Specialist care · Imaging-based techniques; table row 48 | Sensitivity 0.73 [0.66, 0.78] GRADE not reported 13 studies |
| OSCC | traditional MRI | None | Specificity Specialist care · Imaging-based techniques; table row 48 | Specificity 0.87 [0.84, 0.89] GRADE not reported 13 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | DRS | None | Sensitivity Spectroscopy-based techniques; table row 49 | Sensitivity 0.99 [0.94, 1.00] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD, OSCC | DRS | None | Specificity Spectroscopy-based techniques; table row 49 | Specificity 0.83 [0.63, 0.95] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OSCC | RS | None | Specificity Spectroscopy-based techniques; table row 50 | Specificity 0.70 [0.67, 0.73] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 99 participants |
| OSCC | RS | None | Sensitivity Spectroscopy-based techniques; table row 50 | Sensitivity 0.85 [0.83, 0.87] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 99 participants |
| OSCC | RS | None | DOR Spectroscopy-based techniques; table row 50 | DOR 22178.00 GRADE not reported 2 studies · 99 participants |
| OPMD | DRS | None | DOR Spectroscopy-based techniques; table row 51 | DOR 40.47 [0.80, 2047.56] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| OPMD | DRS | None | Sensitivity Spectroscopy-based techniques; table row 51 | Sensitivity 0.79 [0.67, 0.89] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| OPMD | DRS | None | Specificity Spectroscopy-based techniques; table row 51 | Specificity 0.86 [0.80, 0.91] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| OSCC | DRS | None | Specificity Spectroscopy-based techniques; table row 52 | Specificity 0.90 [0.85, 0.93] GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| OSCC | DRS | None | Sensitivity Spectroscopy-based techniques; table row 52 | Sensitivity 0.93 [0.88, 0.97] GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | RS | None | Sensitivity Spectroscopy-based techniques; table row 53 | Sensitivity 1.00 [0.72, 1.00] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | RS | None | Specificity Spectroscopy-based techniques; table row 53 | Specificity 0.93 [0.80, 0.98] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | FTIR | None | Specificity Spectroscopy-based techniques; table row 54 | Specificity 0.96 [0.85, 0.99] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | FTIR | None | Sensitivity Spectroscopy-based techniques; table row 54 | Sensitivity 0.98 [0.68, 1.00] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | OralCDx,brush, spatula | None | Sensitivity Cytology—brush techniques; table row 55 | Sensitivity 0.90 [0.83, 0.95] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD, OSCC | OralCDx,brush, spatula | None | Specificity Cytology—brush techniques; table row 55 | Specificity 0.90 [0.83, 0.95] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD, OSCC | OralCDx, Cytobrush, curette | None | Specificity Specialist care · Cytology—brush techniques; table row 56 | Specificity 0.91 [0.81, 0.95] GRADE not reported 12 studies · 1507 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | OralCDx, Cytobrush, curette | None | Sensitivity Specialist care · Cytology—brush techniques; table row 56 | Sensitivity 0.91 [0.81, 0.96] GRADE not reported 12 studies · 1507 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | OralCDx | None | DOR Cytology—brush techniques; table row 57 | DOR 20.36 [2.72, 152.67] GRADE not reported 8 studies · 1598 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | OralCDx | None | Sensitivity Cytology—brush techniques; table row 57 | Sensitivity 0.86 [0.81, 0.90] GRADE not reported 8 studies · 1598 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | OralCDx | None | Specificity Cytology—brush techniques; table row 57 | Specificity 0.81 [0.78, 0.85] GRADE not reported 8 studies · 1598 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | OralCDx, OralCyte, ClearPrep OC | None | Specificity Specialist care · Cytology—brush techniques; table row 58 | Specificity 0.94 [0.88, 0.99] GRADE not reported 15 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | OralCDx, OralCyte, ClearPrep OC | None | Sensitivity Specialist care · Cytology—brush techniques; table row 58 | Sensitivity 0.92 [0.86, 0.98] GRADE not reported 15 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | Oral brush | None | Specificity Specialist care · Cytology—brush techniques; table row 60 | Specificity 0.94 [0.87, 0.97] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD, OSCC | Oral brush | None | Sensitivity Specialist care · Cytology—brush techniques; table row 60 | Sensitivity 0.91 [0.81, 0.96] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD, OSCC | Oral brush | None | Sensitivity Cytology—brush techniques; table row 61 | Sensitivity 0.72 [0.45, 0.89] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 171 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | Oral brush | None | Sensitivity Specialist care · Cytology—brush techniques; table row 59 | Sensitivity 0.93 [0.87, 0.96] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD, OSCC | Oral brush | None | Specificity Specialist care · Cytology—brush techniques; table row 59 | Specificity 0.92 [0.81, 0.97] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD, OSCC | Oral brush | None | Specificity Cytology—brush techniques; table row 61 | Specificity 0.86 [0.73, 0.94] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 171 participants |
| OPMD, OSCC | AI + AF | None | Sensitivity Specialist care · Computer-based techniques; table row 62 | Sensitivity 0.92 [0.88, 0.94] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | AI + AF | None | Specificity Specialist care · Computer-based techniques; table row 62 | Specificity 0.95 [0.92, 0.97] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | AI + AF | None | DOR Specialist care · Computer-based techniques; table row 62 | DOR 194.11 [94.27, 399.71] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | AI + AF | None | Sensitivity Computer-based techniques; table row 66 | Sensitivity 0.86 [0.80, 0.90] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | AI + AF | None | Specificity Computer-based techniques; table row 66 | Specificity 0.84 [0.76, 0.89] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | AI + AF | None | DOR Computer-based techniques; table row 66 | DOR 27.63 [17.23, 44.32] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| OSCC | AI + AF | None | Sensitivity Computer-based techniques; table row 63 | Sensitivity 0.93 [0.86, 0.97] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| OSCC | AI + AF | None | DOR Computer-based techniques; table row 63 | DOR 378.00 [126.00, 1136.00] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| OSCC | AI + AF | None | DOR | DOR 25.91 [6.31, 106.45] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| OSCC | AI + AF | None | Specificity Computer-based techniques; table row 63 | Specificity 0.97 [0.92, 0.99] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| OSCC | AI + AF | None | Specificity | Specificity 0.82 [0.44, 0.96] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| OSCC | AI + AF | None | Sensitivity | Sensitivity 0.90 [0.83, 0.94] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| OSCC | AI + RS | None | DOR Computer-based techniques; table row 64 | DOR 547.00 [262.00, 1140.00] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| OSCC | AI + RS | None | Specificity Computer-based techniques; table row 64 | Specificity 0.93 [0.88, 0.96] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| OSCC | AI + RS | None | Sensitivity Computer-based techniques; table row 64 | Sensitivity 0.98 [0.96, 0.99] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| OSCC | AI + photography | None | Specificity Computer-based techniques; table row 65 | Specificity 0.93 [0.84, 0.97] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| OSCC | AI + photography | None | DOR Computer-based techniques; table row 65 | DOR 130.00 [37.90, 443.00] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| OSCC | AI + photography | None | Sensitivity Computer-based techniques; table row 65 | Sensitivity 0.90 [0.79, 0.96] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| OSCC | AI + photography | None | Specificity | Specificity 1.00 [0.29, 1.00] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OSCC | AI + photography | None | Sensitivity | Sensitivity 0.91 [0.75, 0.98] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OSCC | AI + photography | None | DOR | DOR 431.65 [4.00, 46537.47] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD, OSCC | AI + OCT | None | Sensitivity Specialist care · Computer-based techniques; table row 69 | Sensitivity 0.94 [0.87, 0.98] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | AI + OCT | None | DOR Specialist care · Computer-based techniques; table row 69 | DOR 293.88 [37.17, 2323.73] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | AI + OCT | None | Specificity Specialist care · Computer-based techniques; table row 69 | Specificity 0.95 [0.87, 0.98] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | AI + OCT | None | Specificity Computer-based techniques; table row 67 | Specificity 0.97 [0.87, 0.99] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | AI + OCT | None | Sensitivity Computer-based techniques; table row 67 | Sensitivity 0.94 [0.80, 0.99] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | AI + OCT | None | DOR Computer-based techniques; table row 67 | DOR 324.33 [10.25, 10261.60] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | AI + photography | None | Sensitivity Computer-based techniques; table row 68 | Sensitivity 0.91 [0.87, 0.94] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | AI + photography | None | DOR Computer-based techniques; table row 68 | DOR 66.81 [38.02, 117.40] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| OPMD, OSCC | AI + photography | None | Specificity Computer-based techniques; table row 68 | Specificity 0.88 [0.83, 0.91] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| OPMD and OSCC | DNA-ICM | None | Sensitivity | Sensitivity 0.89 [0.83, 0.94] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| OPMD and OSCC | DNA-ICM | None | Sensitivity | Sensitivity 0.76 [0.68, 0.82] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD and OSCC | DNA-ICM | None | DOR | DOR 446.08 [73.36, 2712.43] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| OPMD and OSCC | DNA-ICM | None | Specificity | Specificity 0.98 [0.72, 0.99] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD and OSCC | DNA-ICM | None | Specificity | Specificity 0.99 [0.97, 1.00] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| OPMD and OSCC | AF (5-ALA induced protoporphyrin IX fluorescence) | None | DOR | DOR 44.61 [7.11, 280.07] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| OPMD and OSCC | AF (5-ALA induced protoporphyrin IX fluorescence) | None | Specificity | Specificity 0.78 [0.71, 0.85] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| OPMD and OSCC | AF (5-ALA induced protoporphyrin IX fluorescence) | None | Sensitivity | Sensitivity 0.91 [0.82, 0.96] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| OPMD and OSCC | AI (adjunctive to other diagnostic techniques) | None | Specificity | Specificity 0.88 [0.84, 0.92] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| OPMD and OSCC | AI (adjunctive to other diagnostic techniques) | None | DOR | DOR 68.44 [39.48, 118.62] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD and OSCC | AI (adjunctive to other diagnostic techniques) | None | Specificity Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | Specificity 0.89 [0.85, 0.92] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD and OSCC | AI (adjunctive to other diagnostic techniques) | None | Sensitivity | Sensitivity 0.90 [0.87, 0.92] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD and OSCC | AI (adjunctive to other diagnostic techniques) | None | Sensitivity | Sensitivity 0.91 [0.87, 0.94] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| OPMD and OSCC | AI (adjunctive to other diagnostic techniques) | None | DOR | DOR 63.02 [40.32, 98.49] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| OPMD and OSCC | AI + AF | None | DOR | DOR 27.09 [17.85, 41.11] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| OPMD and OSCC | AI + OCT | None | DOR | DOR 154.06 [38.83, 611.34] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OPMD | AF (fluorescence spectroscopy) | None | Sensitivity | Sensitivity 0.74 [0.60, 0.85] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| OPMD | AF (fluorescence spectroscopy) | None | DOR | DOR 57.84 [19.52, 171.30] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| OPMD | AF (fluorescence spectroscopy) | None | Specificity | Specificity 0.96 [0.91, 0.98] GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| OSCC | AI + OCT | None | DOR Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | DOR 2612.00 [14.71, 4666.35] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OSCC | AI + OCT | None | Sensitivity Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | Sensitivity 0.94 [0.85, 0.98] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OSCC | AI + OCT | None | Specificity | Specificity 0.95 [0.79, 0.99] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OSCC | AF (VELscope ao) | None | Specificity | Specificity 0.58 [0.55, 0.61] GRADE not reported 16 studies |
| OSCC | AF (VELscope ao) | None | Sensitivity | Sensitivity 0.96 [0.94, 0.98] GRADE not reported 16 studies |
| OSCC | AF (fluorescence spectroscopy) | None | Specificity | Specificity 0.97 [0.94, 0.99] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OSCC | AF (fluorescence spectroscopy) | None | Sensitivity | Sensitivity 0.93 [0.88, 0.97] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| OSCC | AI (adjunctive to other diagnostic techniques) | None | Sensitivity | Sensitivity 0.92 [0.87, 0.95] GRADE not reported 27 studies |
| OSCC | AI (adjunctive to other diagnostic techniques) | None | DOR | DOR 132.00 [62.60, 277.00] GRADE not reported 27 studies |
| OSCC | AI (adjunctive to other diagnostic techniques) | None | Specificity | Specificity 0.92 [0.87, 0.95] GRADE not reported 27 studies |
Included primary studies 57
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kim 2022 Efficacy of Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Discrimination of Oral Cancerous Lesions from Normal Mucosa Based on the Oral Mucosal Image:… PMID:35884560 | 2022 | 2 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Li 2024 Diagnostic accuracy of artificial intelligence assisted clinical imaging in the detection of oral potentially malignant disorders and oral… PMID:38652301 | 2024 | 2 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Elmakaty 2022 Accuracy of artificial intelligence-assisted detection of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:35931404 | 2022 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Maheswari 2018 Salivary micro RNA as a potential biomarker in oral potentially malignant disorders: A systematic review. PMID:29875583 | 2018 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Adeoye 2022 Efficacy of hypermethylated DNA biomarkers in saliva and oral swabs for oral cancer diagnosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:33423350 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alabi 2021 Machine learning in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Current status, clinical concerns and prospects for future-A systematic review. PMID:34001326 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| AlAli 2020 CYFRA 21-1 and MMP-9 as salivary biomarkers for the detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review of diagnostic test… PMID:32035907 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Alsarraf 2018 The utility of oral brush cytology in the early detection of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders: A systematic review. PMID:29130527 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ansari 2019 Validity of narrow band imaging in the detection of oral and oropharyngeal malignant lesions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:30851073 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Assad 2020 Salivary metabolites to detect patients with cancer: a systematic review. PMID:32221803 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Beristain-Colorado 2024 Application of neural networks for the detection of oral cancer: A systematic review. PMID:37098828 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Buenahora 2021 Diagnostic accuracy of clinical visualization and light-based tests in precancerous and cancerous lesions of the oral cavity and… PMID:33392809 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Datta 2019 The role of DNA image cytometry in screening oral potentially malignant lesions using brushings: A systematic review. PMID:31422213 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Epstein 2012 The limitations of the clinical oral examination in detecting dysplastic oral lesions and oral squamous cell carcinoma. PMID:23204089 | 2012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Essat 2022 Diagnostic accuracy of conventional oral examination for detecting oral cavity cancer and potentially malignant disorders in patients with… PMID:35092324 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Flores Dos Santos 2022 Applicability of autofluorescence and fluorescent probes in early detection of oral potentially malignant disorders: A systematic review… PMID:35192945 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fuller 2015 Adjunctive diagnostic techniques for oral lesions of unknown malignant potential: Systematic review with meta-analysis. PMID:24596227 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gaba 2021 Salivary biomarkers and their efficacies as diagnostic tools for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:30339289 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Guerra 2015 Diagnostic capability of salivary biomarkers in the assessment of head and neck cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:26170140 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gurushanth 2024 Feasibility, Reliability, and Effectiveness of Oral cancer screening in South Asia and Southeast Asian countries: A systematic review and… PMID:38817091 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Han 2022 Diagnostic accuracy of Raman spectroscopy in oral squamous cell carcinoma. PMID:35992884 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kang 2021 Diagnostic Value of Salivary miRNA in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PMID:34209954 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kim 2020 Autofluorescence imaging to identify oral malignant or premalignant lesions: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:32866310 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kim 2021 Efficacy of toluidine blue in the diagnosis and screening of oral cancer and pre-cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:32741142 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kim 2021 Narrow-band imaging for screening of oral premalignant or cancerous lesions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:33503320 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kim 2022 Efficacy of chemiluminescence in the diagnosis and screening of oral cancer and precancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:32847738 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kim 2022 Efficacy of non-invasive diagnostic methods in the diagnosis and screening of oral cancer and precancer. PMID:33642212 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kim 2023 Efficacy of optical coherence tomography in the diagnosing of oral cancerous lesion: systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:36305811 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lima 2021 Use of autofluorescence and fluorescent probes as a potential diagnostic tool for oral cancer: A systematic review. PMID:33232819 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lingen 2017 Adjuncts for the evaluation of potentially malignant disorders in the oral cavity: Diagnostic test accuracy systematic review and… PMID:29080605 | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Liu 2021 Blood and Salivary MicroRNAs for Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PMID:33516682 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Luo 2016 Accuracy of autofluorescence in diagnosing oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral potentially malignant disorders: a comparative study with… PMID:27416981 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Macey 2015 Diagnostic tests for oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders in patients presenting with clinically evident lesions. PMID:26021841 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mazur 2021 In Vivo Imaging-Based Techniques for Early Diagnosis of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders-Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PMID:34831531 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mendonca 2022 Non-invasive imaging of oral potentially malignant and malignant lesions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:35617750 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Moffa 2021 Accuracy of autofluorescence and chemiluminescence in the diagnosis of oral Dysplasia and Carcinoma: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. PMID:34399191 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Moreira 2017 Meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging accuracy for diagnosis of oral cancer. PMID:28542622 | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Omar 2015 Current concepts and future of noninvasive procedures for diagnosing oral squamous cell carcinoma--a systematic review. PMID:25889859 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Patton 2003 The effectiveness of community-based visual screening and utility of adjunctive diagnostic aids in the early detection of oral cancer. PMID:12907211 | 2003 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Patton 2008 Adjunctive techniques for oral cancer examination and lesion diagnosis: a systematic review of the literature. PMID:18594075 | 2008 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ramani 2023 Confocal microscopy in oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders: A systematic review. PMID:35765235 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Rapado-González 2019 miRNAs in liquid biopsy for oral squamous cell carcinoma diagnosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID:31756680 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Rapado-Gonzalez 2021 Salivary DNA Methylation as an Epigenetic Biomarker for Head and Neck Cancer. Part I: A Diagnostic Accuracy Meta-Analysis. PMID:34204396 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Rashid 2015 The use of light-based (optical) detection systems as adjuncts in the detection of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders: a… PMID:25183259 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Saraniti 2021 Impact of Narrow Band Imaging in Pre-Operative Assessment of Suspicious Oral Cavity Lesions: A Systematic Review. PMID:34222103 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sethi 2021 Diagnostic Accuracy of Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy for the Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and… PMID:34886116 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shaw 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shaw 2022 Diagnostic Accuracy of Salivary Biomarkers in Detecting Early Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PMID:35633529 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shrivastava 2023 Diagnostic accuracy of Vibrational spectroscopy in the diagnosis of oral potentially malignant and malignant disorders: A systematic… PMID:37313896 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sulaiman 2022 Diagnostic Accuracy of Screening of Lip and Oral Cavity Cancers or Potentially Malignant Disorders (PMD) by Frontline Workers: A… PMID:36579978 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tian 2015 Clinical Diagnostic Implications of Body Fluid MiRNA in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis. PMID:26376377 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tiwari 2020 Optical fluorescence imaging in oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders: A systematic review. PMID:30810255 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Walsh 2013 Clinical assessment to screen for the detection of oral cavity cancer and potentially malignant disorders in apparently healthy adults. PMID:24258195 | 2013 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Walsh 2021 Diagnostic tests for oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders in patients presenting with clinically evident lesions. PMID:34282854 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Walsh 2021 Clinical assessment for the detection of oral cavity cancer and potentially malignant disorders in apparently healthy adults. PMID:34891214 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ye 2015 Meta-analysis of two computer-assisted screening methods for diagnosing oral precancer and cancer. PMID:26384539 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zhang 2022 Accuracy of narrow band imaging for detecting the malignant transformation of oral potentially malignant disorders: A systematic review… PMID:36684262 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match). Only the non-Cochrane dental reviews have study lists, so overlap with Cochrane reviews is not counted yet.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders or oral squamous cell carcinoma | Patients with OPMD and/or OSCC; 16 reviews OSCC only, 3 OPMD only, 38 both (n=57 reviews) |
| Intervention | Non-invasive diagnostic techniques for early detection of OSCC and OPMD | Nine technique groups in meta-analysis: conventional oral examination, vital staining, chemiluminescence, autofluorescence, optical imaging, optical coherence tomography, spectroscopy, cytology (brush), imaging-based; plus AI combined with autofluorescence, photography, OCT, spectroscopy |
| Comparison | Histopathological reference standard | Histopathology (reference standard) |
| Outcomes | Diagnostic accuracy: sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio | Sensitivity, specificity, DOR (bivariate random-effects) |
| Study designs | Systematic reviews on diagnostic accuracy, with or without meta-analysis | Systematic reviews (n=57; 20 meta-analysis only, 29 qualitative only, 8 both) |
| Timing | Not specified | Not specified |