Non-Cochrane · intervention · PM42374280
Comparative effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for older adults with oral frailty: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Wu Hao-Qi, Lan Yuan-Mei, Chen Tian-Chao, et al. · BMC geriatrics · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.1186/s12877-026-07847-3
Findings
Population Older adults aged 60 years or more with oral frailty or age-related decline in oral function, community or long-term care
75 findings
| Mental practice combined with tongue resistance training | Mental practice | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 5.20 [-7.99, 18.39] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Mental practice combined with tongue resistance training | Jaw movement training | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 4.30 [-11.31, 19.91] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Mental practice | Jaw movement training | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -0.90 [-16.81, 15.01] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Mental practice combined with tongue resistance training | Tongue resistance training | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 3.80 [-8.41, 16.00] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Mental practice | Tongue resistance training | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -1.40 [-14.00, 11.19] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Jaw movement training | Tongue resistance training | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -0.50 [-15.61, 14.61] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Mental practice combined with tongue resistance training | Swallowing-based exercise | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 3.64 [-10.27, 17.54] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Mental practice | Swallowing-based exercise | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -1.56 [-15.81, 12.69] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Jaw movement training | Swallowing-based exercise | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -0.66 [-17.18, 15.85] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Tongue resistance training | Swallowing-based exercise | Salivary flow rate (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 0.10 [-0.11, 0.31] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Tongue resistance training | Swallowing-based exercise | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -0.16 [-6.82, 6.50] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Mental practice combined with tongue resistance training | Chewing-based exercise | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 8.05 [-4.95, 21.04] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Mental practice | Chewing-based exercise | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 2.85 [-10.51, 16.21] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Jaw movement training | Chewing-based exercise | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 3.75 [-12.01, 19.50] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Tongue resistance training | Chewing-based exercise | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 4.25 [-0.22, 8.71] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Tongue resistance training | Chewing-based exercise | Salivary flow rate (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 0.21 [0.00, 0.42] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Swallowing-based exercise | Chewing-based exercise | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 4.41 [-2.99, 11.81] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Swallowing-based exercise | Chewing-based exercise | Salivary flow rate (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 0.11 [-0.01, 0.22] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Mental practice combined with tongue resistance training | E-health programmes | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 1.04 [-12.07, 14.14] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Mental practice | E-health programmes | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -4.16 [-17.63, 9.30] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Jaw movement training | E-health programmes | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -3.26 [-19.11, 12.58] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Tongue resistance training | E-health programmes | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -2.76 [-7.53, 2.00] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Tongue resistance training | E-health programmes | Salivary flow rate (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -0.24 [-0.75, 0.27] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Swallowing-based exercise | E-health programmes | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -2.60 [-10.20, 4.99] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Swallowing-based exercise | E-health programmes | Salivary flow rate (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -0.34 [-0.82, 0.14] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chewing-based exercise | E-health programmes | Bite force (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -69.87 [-491.90, 352.16] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chewing-based exercise | E-health programmes | Salivary flow rate (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -0.45 [-0.92, 0.02] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chewing-based exercise | E-health programmes | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -7.01 [-11.78, -2.25] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Mental practice combined with tongue resistance training | Physical exercise | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 4.23 [-9.68, 18.15] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Mental practice | Physical exercise | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -0.97 [-15.23, 13.29] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Jaw movement training | Physical exercise | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -0.07 [-16.59, 16.45] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Tongue resistance training | Physical exercise | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 0.43 [-6.25, 7.11] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Swallowing-based exercise | Physical exercise | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 0.59 [-8.33, 9.52] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chewing-based exercise | Physical exercise | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -3.82 [-10.50, 2.87] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| E-health programmes | Physical exercise | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 3.20 [-3.01, 9.40] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Mental practice combined with tongue resistance training | Comprehensive training | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 2.13 [-10.81, 15.07] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Mental practice | Comprehensive training | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -3.07 [-16.38, 10.24] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Jaw movement training | Comprehensive training | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -2.17 [-17.88, 13.54] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Tongue resistance training | Comprehensive training | Salivary flow rate (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 0.14 [-0.07, 0.35] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Tongue resistance training | Comprehensive training | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -1.67 [-5.97, 2.64] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Swallowing-based exercise | Comprehensive training | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -1.51 [-8.82, 5.81] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Swallowing-based exercise | Comprehensive training | Salivary flow rate (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 0.04 [-0.07, 0.15] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chewing-based exercise | Comprehensive training | Salivary flow rate (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -0.07 [-0.14, 1.00] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chewing-based exercise | Comprehensive training | Bite force (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 15.12 [-69.51, 99.75] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chewing-based exercise | Comprehensive training | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -5.92 [-10.23, -1.61] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| E-health programmes | Comprehensive training | Bite force (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 84.99 [-328.47, 498.45] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| E-health programmes | Comprehensive training | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 1.09 [-2.41, 4.60] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| E-health programmes | Comprehensive training | Salivary flow rate (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 0.38 [-0.08, 0.85] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Physical exercise | Comprehensive training | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -2.10 [-7.21, 3.01] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Mental practice combined with tongue resistance training | Control (usual care, no intervention or placebo/sham) | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 7.70 [-4.91, 20.31] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision 1 study |
| Mental practice | Control (usual care, no intervention or placebo/sham) | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 2.50 [-10.49, 15.49] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision 1 study |
| Jaw movement training | Control (usual care, no intervention or placebo/sham) | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 3.40 [-12.04, 18.84] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision 1 study |
| Tongue resistance training | Control (usual care, no intervention or placebo/sham) | Salivary flow rate (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 0.26 [0.06, 0.46] Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision 4 studies |
| Tongue resistance training | Control (usual care, no intervention or placebo/sham) | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 3.90 [0.73, 7.07] Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision 4 studies |
| Swallowing-based exercise | Control (usual care, no intervention or placebo/sham) | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 4.06 [-2.64, 10.76] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision 1 study |
| Swallowing-based exercise | Control (usual care, no intervention or placebo/sham) | Salivary flow rate (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 0.16 [0.07, 0.25] Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision 1 study |
| Chewing-based exercise | Control (usual care, no intervention or placebo/sham) | Salivary flow rate (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 0.05 [-0.02, 0.12] Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision 5 studies |
| Chewing-based exercise | Control (usual care, no intervention or placebo/sham) | Bite force (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 81.87 [19.46, 144.29] Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision 5 studies |
| Chewing-based exercise | Control (usual care, no intervention or placebo/sham) | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -0.35 [-3.50, 2.80] Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision 5 studies |
| E-health programmes | Control (usual care, no intervention or placebo/sham) | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 6.66 [3.08, 10.24] Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision 3 studies |
| E-health programmes | Control (usual care, no intervention or placebo/sham) | Salivary flow rate (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 0.50 [0.03, 0.97] Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision 3 studies |
| E-health programmes | Control (usual care, no intervention or placebo/sham) | Bite force (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 151.74 [-267.94, 571.41] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision 1 study |
| Physical exercise | Control (usual care, no intervention or placebo/sham) | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 3.47 [-2.43, 9.37] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision 1 study |
| Comprehensive training | Control (usual care, no intervention or placebo/sham) | Bite force (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 66.75 [-5.21, 138.71] Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision 8 studies |
| Comprehensive training | Control (usual care, no intervention or placebo/sham) | Tongue pressure (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 5.57 [2.62, 8.52] Moderate Downgraded: risk of bias 8 studies |
| Comprehensive training | Control (usual care, no intervention or placebo/sham) | Salivary flow rate (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 0.12 [0.05, 0.18] Moderate Downgraded: risk of bias 8 studies |
| Isometric jaw exercise | Electrical stimulation combined with chewing-based exercise | Bite force (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 174.81 [-142.82, 492.44] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Isometric jaw exercise | Chewing-based exercise | Bite force (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 189.03 [-111.36, 489.42] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Electrical stimulation combined with chewing-based exercise | Chewing-based exercise | Bite force (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 14.22 [-89.93, 118.37] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Isometric jaw exercise | E-health programmes | Bite force (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 119.16 [-393.15, 631.47] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Electrical stimulation combined with chewing-based exercise | E-health programmes | Bite force (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD -55.65 [-490.20, 378.90] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Isometric jaw exercise | Comprehensive training | Bite force (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 204.15 [-98.36, 506.66] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Electrical stimulation combined with chewing-based exercise | Comprehensive training | Bite force (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 29.34 [-104.40, 163.08] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Isometric jaw exercise | Control (usual care, no intervention or placebo/sham) | Bite force (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 270.90 [-22.93, 564.73] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision 1 study |
| Electrical stimulation combined with chewing-based exercise | Control (usual care, no intervention or placebo/sham) | Bite force (change from baseline) Change from baseline to end of intervention (3 weeks to 6 months) · Community or long-term care | MD 96.09 [-24.55, 216.73] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision 1 study |
Included primary studies 26
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jung 2024 Smartphone-based combined oral and whole-body exercise programme aimed at improving oral functions: A randomized clinical trial. PMID:38606673 | 2024 | 2 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ki 2021 Effect of Oral Health Education Using a Mobile App (OHEMA) on the Oral Health and Swallowing-Related Quality of Life in Community-Based… PMID:34770193 | 2021 | 2 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ibayashi 2008 Intervention study of exercise program for oral function in healthy elderly people. PMID:18648184 | 2008 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kashiwazaki 2024 Effect of gum-chewing exercise on maintaining and improving oral function in older adults: A pilot randomized controlled trial. PMID:38618096 | 2024 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kim 2021 Simple oral exercise with chewing gum for improving oral function in older adults. PMID:32476089 | 2021 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lee 2020 Effects of lingual exercises on oral muscle strength and salivary flow rate in elderly adults: a randomized clinical trial. PMID:32489001 | 2020 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lee 2023 Effectiveness of an oral health education programme using a mobile application for older adults: A randomised clinical trial. PMID:34951060 | 2023 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ohara 2015 Effectiveness of an oral health educational program on community-dwelling older people with xerostomia. PMID:24796714 | 2015 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Romalee 2024 Effectiveness of mobile augmented reality-integrated oral health education for community-dwelling older adults: A randomized controlled… PMID:37995647 | 2024 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shirobe 2022 Effect of an Oral Frailty Measures Program on Community-Dwelling Elderly People: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. PMID:34247160 | 2022 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Szynkiewicz 2021 A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Physical and Mental Lingual Exercise for Healthy Older Adults. PMID:32770381 | 2021 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Tani 2023 The Impact of Nutrition and Oral Function Exercise on among Community-Dwelling Older People. PMID:37049448 | 2023 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wu 2020 Effects of an Eating Ability Promotion Program for Community-Dwelling Older Adults. PMID:32376105 | 2020 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cho 2023 Effects of suprahyoid muscle strengthening exercise using kinesiology taping on muscle activation and thickness in community-dwelling… PMID:37713858 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kashiwazaki 2023 Improvements in Maximum Bite Force with Gum-Chewing Training in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PMID:37892673 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kim 2020 Effects of chewing exercises on the occlusal force and masseter muscle thickness in community-dwelling Koreans aged 65 years and older: A… PMID:32589302 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kito 2019 Positive Effects of "Textured Lunches" Gatherings and Oral Exercises Combined with Physical Exercises on Oral and Physical Function in… PMID:31367733 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Park 2017 Effect of expiratory muscle strength training on swallowing-related muscle strength in community-dwelling elderly individuals: a… PMID:27198586 | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Park 2019 Tongue strengthening exercise is effective in improving the oropharyngeal muscles associated with swallowing in community-dwelling older… PMID:31577721 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Park 2020 Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Synchronized with Chewing Exercises on Bite Force and Masseter Muscle Thickness in… PMID:32646041 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Poorjavad 2019 Effects of the head lift exercise and neuromuscular electrical stimulation on swallowing muscles activity in healthy older adults: a… PMID:31417244 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sayaca 2020 Is the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation technique superior to Shaker exercises in swallowing rehabilitation? PMID:31873776 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Takano 2021 Effect of isometric exercises on the masseter muscle in older adults with missing dentition: a randomized controlled trial. PMID:33790400 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wakabayashi 2018 The effects of resistance training of swallowing muscles on dysphagia in older people: A cluster, randomized, controlled trial. PMID:29469011 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Yu 2023 Efficacy of auricular acupuncture in improving dry mouth among an institutionalised older population: A randomised controlled study. PMID:35118740 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zeng 2024 Effect of Simple Swallowing Training Program on Early Oropharyngeal Dysphagia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled… PMID:39393784 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match). Only the non-Cochrane dental reviews have study lists, so overlap with Cochrane reviews is not counted yet.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Older adults aged 60 years or more recruited from community or long-term care settings; excluded neurological disease affecting oral function or moderate-to-severe cognitive impairment | Community-dwelling or institutionalized older adults, mean age 65.6 to 79.2 years; 1,407 participants in 18 NMA trials (n=26 studies in review) |
| Intervention | Any non-pharmacological intervention for oral frailty or its functional components (tongue resistance, chewing-based, swallowing-based, comprehensive, e-health and other oral function training) | Comprehensive training, chewing-based exercise, e-health programmes, tongue resistance training, swallowing-based exercise, physical exercise, isometric jaw exercise, jaw movement training, mental practice, mental practice plus tongue resistance, electrical stimulation plus chewing-based exercise (n=26) |
| Comparison | Usual care, no intervention, placebo or sham, or another eligible non-pharmacological intervention | Usual care, no intervention, placebo or sham, or an alternative intervention (n=26) |
| Outcomes | Validated measures of oral health or oral function (tongue pressure, bite force, salivary flow rate, chewing or swallowing function, composite scores); NMA on tongue pressure, bite force and salivary flow rate | Tongue pressure (12 RCTs, 1,094 participants), bite force (10 RCTs, 888 participants), salivary flow rate (7 RCTs, 666 participants) |
| Study designs | Randomized controlled trials | Randomized controlled trials (n=26; 18 in network meta-analysis) |
| Timing | Not specified | Intervention duration 3 weeks to 6 months; change from baseline to endpoint |