Non-Cochrane · aetiology · PM41682835
The Relationship Between Malocclusion and Periodontal Health in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Szyszka-Sommerfeld Liliana, Machoy-Rakoczy Monika, Belova Alla, et al. · Journal of clinical medicine · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.3390/jcm15031155
Findings
Population Children and adolescents (under 18 years)
2 findings
| Malocclusion (malpositioned teeth such as crowding or lack of spacing; Angle Class II or III molar relationship) | No malocclusion | Gingivitis assessed with the Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) Cross-sectional · Schools and clinics · Overall (Feldens 2006 and Sharma 2021) | OR 1.66 [1.27, 2.16] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias 2 studies |
| Malocclusion (malpositioned teeth such as crowding or lack of spacing; Angle Class II or III molar relationship) | No malocclusion | Dental plaque accumulation (visual plaque and OHI-S, dichotomized) Cross-sectional · Schools and clinics · Overall (Fernandez-Riveiro 2021 two age strata and Pineda 2020) | OR 2.33 [1.18, 4.60] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency 2 studies |
Included primary studies 19
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kolawole 2019 Association between malocclusion, caries and oral hygiene in children 6 to 12 years old resident in suburban Nigeria. PMID:31775712 | 2019 | 2 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pineda 2020 Relationship between the Normative Need for Orthodontic Treatment and Oral Health in Mexican Adolescents Aged 13-15 Years Old. PMID:33153121 | 2020 | 1 other review | Dental plaque accumulation (visual plaque and OHI-S, dichotomized) | not extracted yet |
| Abu Alhaija 2006 Relationship between tooth irregularity and periodontal disease in children with regular dental visits. PMID:16937854 | 2006 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Addy 1988 The association between tooth irregularity and plaque accumulation, gingivitis, and caries in 11-12-year-old children. PMID:3162883 | 1988 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ashley 1998 The relationship between irregularity of the incisor teeth, plaque, and gingivitis: a study in a group of schoolchildren aged 11-14 years. PMID:9558766 | 1998 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Buczkowska-Radlinska 2012 Anterior tooth crowding and prevalence of dental caries in children in Szczecin, Poland. PMID:22779379 | 2012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cortellazzi 2008 Risk indicators of gingivitis in 5-year-old Brazilian children. PMID:18637390 | 2008 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Feldens 2006 Distribution of plaque and gingivitis and associated factors in 3- to 5-year-old Brazilian children. PMID:16734306 | 2006 | this review only | Gingivitis assessed with the Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) | not extracted yet |
| Fernandez-Riveiro 2021 The Dental Aesthetic Index and Its Association with Dental Caries, Dental Plaque and Socio-Demographic Variables in Schoolchildren Aged 12… PMID:34574666 | 2021 | this review only | Dental plaque accumulation (visual plaque and OHI-S, dichotomized) | not extracted yet |
| Gabris 2006 Prevalence of malocclusions in Hungarian adolescents. PMID:16923783 | 2006 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Goel 2018 The relationship of malocclusion with periodontal status, dental caries, and sociodemographic factors in school children of Ludhiana DOI:10.4103/ijds.ijds_1_18 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jafari 2024 Effect of malocclusion severity on oral health and its correlation with socioeconomical status in Iranian adolescents. PMID:39465393 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kukletova 2012 Relationship between gingivitis severity, caries experience and orthodontic anomalies in 13-15 year-old adolescents in Brno, Czech Republic. PMID:22779381 | 2012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Medina-Vega 2024 Periodontal status among 12-year-old schoolchildren: a population-based cross-sectional study in Quito, Ecuador. PMID:38198302 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nalcaci 2012 The relationship of orthodontic treatment need with periodontal status, dental caries, and sociodemographic factors. PMID:23193381 | 2012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Oz 2019 Evaluation of the Relationship Between Malocclusion and the Periodontal Health, Caries, Socio-economic Status of Children DOI:10.4274/meandros.galenos.2018.63835 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Salim 2021 Relationship between dental caries, oral hygiene and malocclusion among Syrian refugee children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. PMID:34876100 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sharma 2021 Prevalence of Gingivitis and Associated Factors in 619-Year-Old Children in Rudraprayag District, Uttarakhand DOI:10.4103/jiaphd.jiaphd_80_21 | 2021 | this review only | Gingivitis assessed with the Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) | not extracted yet |
| Tariq 2024 Malocclusion: Prevalence and Determinants among Adolescents of Karachi, Pakistan. PMID:37059446 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match). Only the non-Cochrane dental reviews have study lists, so overlap with Cochrane reviews is not counted yet.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Children and adolescents (under 18 years) with malocclusion | Children and adolescents aged 3 to 19 years (n=11954) |
| Intervention | Exposure: malocclusion of any type or severity | Malocclusion: crowding, spacing, Angle class, DAI, IOTN, TPI (n=19) |
| Comparison | Children and adolescents without malocclusion | No malocclusion (n=19) |
| Outcomes | Gingivitis (GI, GBI, BOP, GB; primary); dental plaque (API, OHI-S, PI, VPI) and CPITN/CPI (secondary) | Gingivitis (n=10); dental plaque (n=10); CPITN/CPI (n=4) |
| Study designs | Observational studies | Cross-sectional studies (n=19) |
| Timing | Not specified | Not specified |