Non-Cochrane · prognostic · PM41025220
Cancer Hallmarks Expression in Oral Leukoplakia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
González-Ruiz I, Ramos-García P, Boujemaoui-Boulaghmoudi H, et al. · Oral diseases · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.1111/odi.70106
Findings
82 findings
| Population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of sustaining proliferative signaling biomarkers (pro-proliferative) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | RR 1.92 [1.45, 2.55] GRADE not reported 27 studies · 1949 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of sustaining proliferative signaling biomarkers (pro-proliferative) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Non-Asian | RR 1.76 [1.27, 2.42] GRADE not reported 15 studies · 957 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of sustaining proliferative signaling biomarkers (pro-proliferative) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | RR 2.26 [1.29, 3.99] GRADE not reported 12 studies · 992 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of sustaining proliferative signaling biomarkers (pro-proliferative) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | Pooled proportion 53.27 [30.67, 75.20] GRADE not reported 12 studies · 992 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of sustaining proliferative signaling biomarkers (pro-proliferative) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | Pooled proportion 56.30 [43.10, 69.09] GRADE not reported 26 studies · 1919 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of sustaining proliferative signaling biomarkers (pro-proliferative) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Non-Asian | Pooled proportion 59.04 [44.84, 72.54] GRADE not reported 14 studies · 927 participants |
| Oral leukoplakia (OL) samples and healthy oral mucosa | Expression of sustaining proliferative signaling biomarkers (pro-proliferative) in OL by immunohistochemistry | Healthy normal oral mucosa | Frequency of biomarker expression (OL vs healthy mucosa) Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Non-Asian | OR 8.95 [1.54, 52.12] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 173 participants |
| Oral leukoplakia (OL) samples and healthy oral mucosa | Expression of sustaining proliferative signaling biomarkers (pro-proliferative) in OL by immunohistochemistry | Healthy normal oral mucosa | Frequency of biomarker expression (OL vs healthy mucosa) Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | OR 6.39 [0.85, 47.71] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 356 participants |
| Oral leukoplakia (OL) samples and healthy oral mucosa | Expression of sustaining proliferative signaling biomarkers (pro-proliferative) in OL by immunohistochemistry | Healthy normal oral mucosa | Frequency of biomarker expression (OL vs healthy mucosa) Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | OR 7.70 [2.22, 26.65] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 529 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of evading growth suppressors biomarkers (growth suppressor) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Non-Asian | RR 0.98 [0.69, 1.38] GRADE not reported 18 studies · 1049 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of evading growth suppressors biomarkers (growth suppressor) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | RR 1.65 [0.77, 3.53] GRADE not reported 10 studies · 883 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of evading growth suppressors biomarkers (growth suppressor) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | RR 1.21 [0.84, 1.75] GRADE not reported 28 studies · 1932 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of evading growth suppressors biomarkers (growth suppressor) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | Pooled proportion 51.27 [41.63, 60.87] GRADE not reported 27 studies · 1842 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of evading growth suppressors biomarkers (growth suppressor) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | Pooled proportion 48.66 [35.49, 61.92] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 793 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of evading growth suppressors biomarkers (growth suppressor) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Non-Asian | Pooled proportion 52.30 [39.02, 65.42] GRADE not reported 18 studies · 1049 participants |
| Oral leukoplakia (OL) samples and healthy oral mucosa | Expression of evading growth suppressors biomarkers (growth suppressor) in OL by immunohistochemistry | Healthy normal oral mucosa | Frequency of biomarker expression (OL vs healthy mucosa) Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | OR 5.58 [2.47, 12.58] GRADE not reported 10 studies · 702 participants |
| Oral leukoplakia (OL) samples and healthy oral mucosa | Expression of evading growth suppressors biomarkers (growth suppressor) in OL by immunohistochemistry | Healthy normal oral mucosa | Frequency of biomarker expression (OL vs healthy mucosa) Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Non-Asian | OR 7.17 [2.02, 25.45] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 302 participants |
| Oral leukoplakia (OL) samples and healthy oral mucosa | Expression of evading growth suppressors biomarkers (growth suppressor) in OL by immunohistochemistry | Healthy normal oral mucosa | Frequency of biomarker expression (OL vs healthy mucosa) Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | OR 4.04 [1.30, 12.56] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 400 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of resisting cell death biomarkers (antiapoptotic) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Non-Asian | RR 1.69 [0.84, 3.41] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 487 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of resisting cell death biomarkers (antiapoptotic) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | RR 0.10 [0.03, 0.39] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 138 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of resisting cell death biomarkers (antiapoptotic) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | RR 0.94 [0.43, 2.03] GRADE not reported 8 studies · 625 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of resisting cell death biomarkers (antiapoptotic) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Non-Asian | Pooled proportion 44.73 [20.54, 70.30] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 487 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of resisting cell death biomarkers (antiapoptotic) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | Pooled proportion 69.11 [39.36, 92.37] GRADE not reported 8 studies · 625 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of resisting cell death biomarkers (antiapoptotic) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | Pooled proportion 99.86 [93.50, 100.00] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 138 participants |
| Oral leukoplakia (OL) samples and healthy oral mucosa | Expression of resisting cell death biomarkers (antiapoptotic) in OL by immunohistochemistry | Healthy normal oral mucosa | Frequency of biomarker expression (OL vs healthy mucosa) Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | OR 6.17 [0.85, 44.84] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 44 participants |
| Oral leukoplakia (OL) samples and healthy oral mucosa | Expression of resisting cell death biomarkers (antiapoptotic) in OL by immunohistochemistry | Healthy normal oral mucosa | Frequency of biomarker expression (OL vs healthy mucosa) Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | OR 6.17 [0.85, 44.84] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 44 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of enabling replicative immortality biomarkers (immortalization) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | RR 3.74 [1.94, 7.21] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 244 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of enabling replicative immortality biomarkers (immortalization) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | RR 3.74 [1.94, 7.21] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 244 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of enabling replicative immortality biomarkers (immortalization) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | Pooled proportion 41.26 [24.56, 59.04] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 244 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of enabling replicative immortality biomarkers (immortalization) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | Pooled proportion 41.26 [24.56, 59.04] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 244 participants |
| Oral leukoplakia (OL) samples and healthy oral mucosa | Expression of enabling replicative immortality biomarkers (immortalization) in OL by immunohistochemistry | Healthy normal oral mucosa | Frequency of biomarker expression (OL vs healthy mucosa) Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | Primary-level studies were not identified on this cancer hallmark, so meta-analysis could not be performed. No studies found 0 studies · 0 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of inducing angiogenesis biomarkers (proangiogenic) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | RR 3.74 [1.79, 7.82] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 280 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of inducing angiogenesis biomarkers (proangiogenic) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | RR 3.51 [0.91, 13.53] GRADE not reported 1 study · 160 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of inducing angiogenesis biomarkers (proangiogenic) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Non-Asian | RR 3.84 [1.59, 9.27] GRADE not reported 1 study · 120 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of inducing angiogenesis biomarkers (proangiogenic) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | Pooled proportion 38.12 [30.73, 45.80] GRADE not reported 1 study · 160 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of inducing angiogenesis biomarkers (proangiogenic) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Non-Asian | Pooled proportion 50.00 [41.05, 58.95] GRADE not reported 1 study · 120 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of inducing angiogenesis biomarkers (proangiogenic) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | Pooled proportion 43.80 [32.41, 55.52] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 280 participants |
| Oral leukoplakia (OL) samples and healthy oral mucosa | Expression of inducing angiogenesis biomarkers (proangiogenic) in OL by immunohistochemistry | Healthy normal oral mucosa | Frequency of biomarker expression (OL vs healthy mucosa) Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | Primary-level studies were not identified on this cancer hallmark, so meta-analysis could not be performed. No studies found 0 studies · 0 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of activating invasion and metastasis biomarkers (proinvasive) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | RR 3.43 [2.52, 4.66] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 1073 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of activating invasion and metastasis biomarkers (proinvasive) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | RR 3.43 [2.67, 4.40] GRADE not reported 18 studies · 1602 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of activating invasion and metastasis biomarkers (proinvasive) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Non-Asian | RR 3.43 [2.26, 5.23] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 529 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of activating invasion and metastasis biomarkers (proinvasive) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | Pooled proportion 40.82 [28.33, 53.93] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 1073 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of activating invasion and metastasis biomarkers (proinvasive) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | Pooled proportion 37.30 [28.21, 46.86] GRADE not reported 18 studies · 1602 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of activating invasion and metastasis biomarkers (proinvasive) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Non-Asian | Pooled proportion 33.61 [19.69, 49.09] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 529 participants |
| Oral leukoplakia (OL) samples and healthy oral mucosa | Expression of activating invasion and metastasis biomarkers (proinvasive) in OL by immunohistochemistry | Healthy normal oral mucosa | Frequency of biomarker expression (OL vs healthy mucosa) Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | OR 6.44 [1.84, 22.56] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 567 participants |
| Oral leukoplakia (OL) samples and healthy oral mucosa | Expression of activating invasion and metastasis biomarkers (proinvasive) in OL by immunohistochemistry | Healthy normal oral mucosa | Frequency of biomarker expression (OL vs healthy mucosa) Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | OR 2.20 [0.39, 12.42] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 674 participants |
| Oral leukoplakia (OL) samples and healthy oral mucosa | Expression of activating invasion and metastasis biomarkers (proinvasive) in OL by immunohistochemistry | Healthy normal oral mucosa | Frequency of biomarker expression (OL vs healthy mucosa) Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Non-Asian | OR 0.25 [0.01, 5.78] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 107 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of avoiding immune destruction biomarkers (antitumor arrest) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Non-Asian | RR 2.04 [1.12, 3.71] GRADE not reported 1 study · 96 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of avoiding immune destruction biomarkers (antitumor arrest) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | RR 3.65 [1.87, 7.13] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 810 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of avoiding immune destruction biomarkers (antitumor arrest) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | RR 4.78 [2.35, 9.70] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 714 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of avoiding immune destruction biomarkers (antitumor arrest) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | Pooled proportion 31.15 [22.67, 40.30] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 714 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of avoiding immune destruction biomarkers (antitumor arrest) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Non-Asian | Pooled proportion 65.62 [55.79, 74.84] GRADE not reported 1 study · 96 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of avoiding immune destruction biomarkers (antitumor arrest) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | Pooled proportion 35.77 [24.66, 47.69] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 810 participants |
| Oral leukoplakia (OL) samples and healthy oral mucosa | Expression of avoiding immune destruction biomarkers (antitumor arrest) in OL by immunohistochemistry | Healthy normal oral mucosa | Frequency of biomarker expression (OL vs healthy mucosa) Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | Primary-level studies were not identified on this cancer hallmark, so meta-analysis could not be performed. No studies found 0 studies · 0 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of deregulating cellular energetics biomarkers (tumor acidosis) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | RR 4.57 [0.99, 21.03] GRADE not reported 1 study · 160 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of deregulating cellular energetics biomarkers (tumor acidosis) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | RR 4.57 [0.99, 21.03] GRADE not reported 1 study · 160 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of deregulating cellular energetics biomarkers (tumor acidosis) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | Pooled proportion 42.50 [34.92, 50.21] GRADE not reported 1 study · 160 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of deregulating cellular energetics biomarkers (tumor acidosis) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | Pooled proportion 42.50 [34.92, 50.21] GRADE not reported 1 study · 160 participants |
| Oral leukoplakia (OL) samples and healthy oral mucosa | Expression of deregulating cellular energetics biomarkers (tumor acidosis) in OL by immunohistochemistry | Healthy normal oral mucosa | Frequency of biomarker expression (OL vs healthy mucosa) Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | OR 27.40 [1.62, 462.61] GRADE not reported 1 study · 178 participants |
| Oral leukoplakia (OL) samples and healthy oral mucosa | Expression of deregulating cellular energetics biomarkers (tumor acidosis) in OL by immunohistochemistry | Healthy normal oral mucosa | Frequency of biomarker expression (OL vs healthy mucosa) Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | OR 27.40 [1.62, 462.61] GRADE not reported 1 study · 178 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of genome instability and mutation biomarkers (DNA instability) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | RR 8.14 [4.07, 16.29] GRADE not reported 1 study · 98 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of genome instability and mutation biomarkers (DNA instability) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Non-Asian | RR 8.14 [4.07, 16.29] GRADE not reported 1 study · 98 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of genome instability and mutation biomarkers (DNA instability) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | Pooled proportion 41.84 [32.22, 51.77] GRADE not reported 1 study · 98 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of genome instability and mutation biomarkers (DNA instability) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Non-Asian | Pooled proportion 41.84 [32.22, 51.77] GRADE not reported 1 study · 98 participants |
| Oral leukoplakia (OL) samples and healthy oral mucosa | Expression of genome instability and mutation biomarkers (DNA instability) in OL by immunohistochemistry | Healthy normal oral mucosa | Frequency of biomarker expression (OL vs healthy mucosa) Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | OR 36.81 [2.18, 621.98] GRADE not reported 1 study · 123 participants |
| Oral leukoplakia (OL) samples and healthy oral mucosa | Expression of genome instability and mutation biomarkers (DNA instability) in OL by immunohistochemistry | Healthy normal oral mucosa | Frequency of biomarker expression (OL vs healthy mucosa) Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Non-Asian | OR 36.81 [2.18, 621.98] GRADE not reported 1 study · 123 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of genome instability and mutation biomarkers (DNA damage repair) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | RR 4.31 [1.44, 12.84] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 506 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of genome instability and mutation biomarkers (DNA damage repair) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | RR 4.56 [1.97, 10.54] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 198 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of genome instability and mutation biomarkers (DNA damage repair) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Non-Asian | RR 4.36 [0.93, 20.46] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 308 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of genome instability and mutation biomarkers (DNA damage repair) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | Pooled proportion 41.65 [18.70, 66.66] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 198 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of genome instability and mutation biomarkers (DNA damage repair) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Non-Asian | Pooled proportion 59.16 [18.71, 93.47] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 308 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of genome instability and mutation biomarkers (DNA damage repair) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | Pooled proportion 54.15 [25.19, 81.69] GRADE not reported 7 studies · 506 participants |
| Oral leukoplakia (OL) samples and healthy oral mucosa | Expression of genome instability and mutation biomarkers (DNA damage repair) in OL by immunohistochemistry | Healthy normal oral mucosa | Frequency of biomarker expression (OL vs healthy mucosa) Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | OR 3.24 [1.38, 7.60] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 246 participants |
| Oral leukoplakia (OL) samples and healthy oral mucosa | Expression of genome instability and mutation biomarkers (DNA damage repair) in OL by immunohistochemistry | Healthy normal oral mucosa | Frequency of biomarker expression (OL vs healthy mucosa) Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Non-Asian | OR 3.24 [1.38, 7.60] GRADE not reported 4 studies · 246 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of tumor-promoting inflammation biomarkers (proinflammatory) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Non-Asian | RR 2.35 [1.63, 3.40] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 199 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of tumor-promoting inflammation biomarkers (proinflammatory) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | RR 2.05 [0.62, 6.74] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 324 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of tumor-promoting inflammation biomarkers (proinflammatory) by immunohistochemistry | OL without expression of the biomarkers | Malignant transformation of OL to oral cancer Follow-up for malignant transformation · Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | RR 2.32 [1.63, 3.30] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 523 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of tumor-promoting inflammation biomarkers (proinflammatory) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | Pooled proportion 33.41 [21.78, 46.13] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 324 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of tumor-promoting inflammation biomarkers (proinflammatory) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Non-Asian | Pooled proportion 56.07 [32.33, 78.46] GRADE not reported 2 studies · 199 participants |
| Patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) | Expression of tumor-promoting inflammation biomarkers (proinflammatory) by immunohistochemistry | None (single-group pooled proportion) | Frequency of biomarker expression in OL Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | Pooled proportion 42.50 [27.17, 58.59] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 523 participants |
| Oral leukoplakia (OL) samples and healthy oral mucosa | Expression of tumor-promoting inflammation biomarkers (proinflammatory) in OL by immunohistochemistry | Healthy normal oral mucosa | Frequency of biomarker expression (OL vs healthy mucosa) Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples · Geographical area: Asian | OR 11.23 [0.66, 190.89] GRADE not reported 1 study · 178 participants |
| Oral leukoplakia (OL) samples and healthy oral mucosa | Expression of tumor-promoting inflammation biomarkers (proinflammatory) in OL by immunohistochemistry | Healthy normal oral mucosa | Frequency of biomarker expression (OL vs healthy mucosa) Immunohistochemistry on oral leukoplakia biopsy samples | OR 11.23 [0.66, 190.89] GRADE not reported 1 study · 178 participants |
Included primary studies 62
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benchekroun 2010 Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expression and Gene Copy Number in the Risk of Oral Cancer DOI:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-09-0163 | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cao 2011 EZH2 Promotes Malignant Phenotypes and Is a Predictor of Oral Cancer Development in Patients with Oral Leukoplakia DOI:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0130 | 2011 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chen 2023 Implication of TIPE2 Expression on the Malignant Transformation of Oral Leukoplakia DOI:10.21873/anticanres.16691 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cruz 1998 p53 expression above the basal cell layer in oral mucosa is an early event of malignant transformation and has predictive value for… DOI:10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199804)184:4<360::aid-path1263>3.0.co;2-h | 1998 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| D'Souza 2018 Immunohistochemical Expression of Podoplanin in Clinical Variants of Oral Leukoplakia and Its Correlation With Epithelial Dysplasia DOI:10.1097/pai.0000000000000383 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| de Vicente 2013 Podoplanin expression in oral leukoplakia: Tumorigenic role DOI:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.02.008 | 2013 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| de Vicente 2019 The Emerging Role of NANOG as an Early Cancer Risk Biomarker in Patients with Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders DOI:10.3390/jcm8091376 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| de Vicente 2019 SOX2 Expression Is an Independent Predictor of Oral Cancer Progression DOI:10.3390/jcm8101744 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| de Villalaín 2023 Emerging Role of Decoy Receptor-2 as a Cancer Risk Predictor in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders DOI:10.3390/ijms241814382 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ding 2018 Expression and oncogenic properties of membranous Notch1 in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma DOI:10.3892/or.2018.6335 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fernández-Valle 2016 Expression of the voltage‐gated potassium channel Kv3.4 in oral leucoplakias and oral squamous cell carcinomas DOI:10.1111/his.12917 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fernández–Valle 2016 HERG1 potassium channel expression in potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa and prognostic relevance in oral squamous cell… DOI:10.1002/hed.24493 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gissi 2015 Predictive Role of p53 Protein as a Single Marker or Associated with ki67 Antigen in Oral Leukoplakia: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study DOI:10.2174/1874210601509010041 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Graveland 2013 Molecular screening of oral precancer DOI:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.09.005 | 2013 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Habiba 2017 ALDH1 and podoplanin expression patterns predict the risk of malignant transformation in oral leukoplakia DOI:10.3892/ol.2016.5379 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kanekawa 1995 THE ESTIMATION OF PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY BY PCNA AND AGNORS IN LEUKOPLAKIA AND SQUAMOUS-CELL CARCINOMA OF THE ORAL CAVITY DOI:10.3892/or.2.5.711 | 1995 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
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Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Patients of all ages with oral leukoplakia (OL), longitudinal studies | 9758 OL samples (60 studies; range 13-200) |
| Intervention | Expression of proteins (hallmarks of cancer biomarkers) evaluated by immunohistochemistry in OL samples | 68 biomarkers by immunohistochemistry grouped into 10 hallmarks of cancer (n=60 studies) |
| Comparison | Non-progressing OL (negative expression); healthy oral mucosa controls where available | Negative expression; healthy oral mucosa (n=up to 10 studies per hallmark) |
| Outcomes | Malignant transformation to oral squamous cell carcinoma; frequency of biomarker expression | Malignant transformation (RR); pooled proportion of expression; OL vs healthy mucosa (OR) |
| Study designs | Longitudinal cohort studies | 52 retrospective and 8 prospective longitudinal cohorts |
| Timing | Not specified | Not specified |