Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

37 questions · 39 findings · 4 reviews · Musculoskeletal · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 19 · 48.7%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 4 · 10.3%Low 8 · 20.5%Moderate 6 · 15.4%High 2 · 5.1%

Vitamin C vs allopurinol

sUA reduction · participants with chronic gout and sUA level > 0.36mmol/L

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary supplements for chronic gout 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 40 participants
Low

Vitamin C vs allopurinol

Joint pain reduction ‐ not reported · participants with chronic gout and sUA level > 0.36mmol/L

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary supplements for chronic gout 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin C vs allopurinol

Participant global assessment · participants with chronic gout and sUA level > 0.36mmol/L

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary supplements for chronic gout 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin C vs allopurinol

Total adverse events · participants with chronic gout and sUA level > 0.36mmol/L

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary supplements for chronic gout 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 40 participants
Low

Vitamin C vs allopurinol

Tophus regression · participants with chronic gout and sUA level > 0.36mmol/L

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary supplements for chronic gout 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin C vs allopurinol

Acute gout attacks · participants with chronic gout and sUA level > 0.36mmol/L

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary supplements for chronic gout 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin C vs allopurinol

Withdrawals due to adverse events · participants with chronic gout and sUA level > 0.36mmol/L

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary supplements for chronic gout 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 40 participants
Low

Vitamin D vs placebo

Quality of life · premenopausal women (age 18–32.7 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D vs placebo

Vertebral fracture · premenopausal women (age 18–32.7 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D vs placebo

Non‐vertebral fractures · premenopausal women (age 18–32.7 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D vs placebo

Acceptability: total withdrawals · premenopausal women (age 18–32.7 years)

Vitamin D showed no clear difference in withdrawals from the study for any reason compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.74 [0.46, 1.19]
2 studies · 189 participants
Moderate

Vitamin D vs placebo

Serious adverse events · premenopausal women (age 18–32.7 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D vs placebo

Total hip BMD · premenopausal women (age 18–32.7 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D vs placebo

Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) · premenopausal women (age 18–32.7 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Total hip BMD · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years)

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 408 participants
Moderate

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years)

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 76 participants
Moderate

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Quality of life · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Vertebral fracture · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Non‐vertebral fractures · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Acceptability: total withdrawals · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years)

Calcium and vitamin D showed no clear difference in withdrawals from the study for any reason compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.82 [0.29, 2.35]
2 studies · 541 participants
Low