Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

39 questions · 39 findings · 14 reviews · Schizophrenia

No studies found 1 · 2.6%GRADE not reported 10 · 25.6%Very low 4 · 10.3%Low 16 · 41%Moderate 4 · 10.3%High 4 · 10.3%

Benzodiazepines vs placebo

Tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium termNumber of participants sedated · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether benzodiazepines changes tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium termNumber of… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines vs ANTIHISTAMINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS

Tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium term ‐ midazolam vs haloperidol + promethazineNumber of participants sedated · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

Benzodiazepines may leads to higher tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium term ‐ midazolam vs… compared with antihistamines plus antipsychotics (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs SAME ANTIPSYCHOTICS

Adverse effects: 1. Sedation · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether benzodiazepines + antipsychotics changes tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium term ‐ +/vs… compared with same antipsychotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs ANTIHISTAMINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS

Tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium termNumber of participants sedated · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics changes tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium termNumber of… compared with antihistamines plus antipsychotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) vs MEDIUM DOSE (401 mg/day to 800 mg/day)

Global state: needing additional medication (sedation with chloral hydrate or a barbiturate > 5 times) ‐ medium term · patients with schizophrenia

CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) showed no clear difference in global state: needing additional medication (sedation with chloral… compared with MEDIUM DOSE (401 mg/day to 800 mg/day) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Droperidol vs midazolam

Global state: use of additional medication ‐ by 60 minutes after initial adequate sedation until ED discharge (various psychotropic drugs) · acute psychosis

Droperidol showed no clear difference in global state: use of additional medication ‐ by 60 minutes after… compared with midazolam (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Droperidol vs placebo

Global state: use of additional medication ‐ by 60 minutes after initial adequate sedation until ED discharge (various psychotropic drugs) · acute psychosis

Droperidol leads to lower global state: use of additional medication ‐ by 60 minutes after… compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Droperidol vs OLANZAPINE

Global state: use of additional medication ‐ by 60 minutes after initial adequate sedation until ED discharge (various psychotropic drugs) · acute psychosis

Droperidol leads to lower global state: use of additional medication ‐ by 60 minutes after… compared with olanzapine (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Droperidol vs haloperidol

Global state: use of additional medication ‐ by 60 minutes after initial adequate sedation until ED discharge (various psychotropic drugs) · acute psychosis

Droperidol leads to lower global state: use of additional medication ‐ by 60 minutes after… compared with haloperidol (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs OLANZAPINE

Adverse effects: Specific and serious adverse effect ‐ by 24 hours Central nervous system ‐ excessive sedation · people with psychosis‐induced aggression

HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE showed no clear difference in adverse effects: Specific and serious adverse effects by 24 hours… compared with ANTIPSYCHOTIC ‐ OLANZAPINE (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ZIPRASIDONE

Adverse effects: Specific and serious adverse effect ‐ by 24 hours Central nervous system ‐ excessive sedation · people with psychosis‐induced aggression

HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE showed no clear difference in adverse effects: Specific and serious adverse effect ‐ by 24 hours… compared with ANTIPSYCHOTIC ‐ ZIPRASIDONE (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC & BENZODIAZEPINE ‐ HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM

Adverse effects: Specific and serious adverse effect ‐ by 24 hours Central nervous system ‐ excessive sedation · people with psychosis‐induced aggression

HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE may leads to lower adverse effects: Specific and serious adverse effect ‐ by 24 hours… compared with ANTIPSYCHOTIC & BENZODIAZEPINE ‐ HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review