Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

37 questions · 37 findings · 7 reviews

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No studies found 18 · 48.6%GRADE not reported 2 · 5.4%Very low 10 · 27%Low 3 · 8.1%Moderate 4 · 10.8%High 0 · 0%

Responsive vs scheduled feeding

Rate of weight gain (g/kg/day) · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Responsive versus scheduled feeding for preterm infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 305 participants
Low

Responsive vs scheduled feeding

Time to establishment of full oral feeds (after trial entry) · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Responsive versus scheduled feeding for preterm infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 167 participants
Low

Responsive complementary feeding (RCF) vs Other models of complementary feeding (traditional/non-responsive CF)

Overweight/obesity risk · Healthy, term-born, normal-birth-weight infants aged 4-24 months (breastfed and/or formula-fed) in Western industrialized countries

Responsive complementary feeding probably reduces the risk of overweight/obesity versus other feeding models (RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.71; moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary Feeding Caregivers' Practices and Growth, Risk of Overweight/Obesity, and Other Non-Communicable… 2022 All outcomes
Follow-up to 3 years · Outpatient care in Western industrialized (European/Anglo-Saxon) countries
RR 0.41 [0.24, 0.71]
2 studies · 478 participants
Moderate

Responsive complementary feeding (RCF) vs Other models of complementary feeding (traditional/non-responsive CF)

Physical growth / weight gain · Healthy, term-born, normal-birth-weight infants aged 4-24 months (breastfed and/or formula-fed) in Western industrialized countries

Two RCTs suggest responsive complementary feeding leads to better weight gain in the first two years, though effects were small and not always sustained (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary Feeding Caregivers' Practices and Growth, Risk of Overweight/Obesity, and Other Non-Communicable… 2022 All outcomes
First 2 years (up to 3-5 years) · Outpatient care in Western industrialized (European/Anglo-Saxon) countries
The results of the two RCTs are consistent and suggest that RF during CF is effective, leading to better weight gain in the first 2 years of life; observational cohort results (2 RCTs and 5 observational studies) were…
7 studies
GRADE not reported

Non-responsive complementary feeding (NRCF) vs Other models of complementary feeding

Overweight/obesity risk · Healthy, term-born, normal-birth-weight infants aged 4-24 months (breastfed and/or formula-fed) in Western industrialized countries

Non-responsive complementary feeding showed no significant association with overweight/obesity across observational studies (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary Feeding Caregivers' Practices and Growth, Risk of Overweight/Obesity, and Other Non-Communicable… 2022 All outcomes
Follow-up interval 15-20 months · Outpatient care in Western industrialized (European/Anglo-Saxon) countries
NRCF, risk of overweight and obesity (observational; follow up interval 15 to 20 months; assessed with % overweight/obesity, BMIz, delta-BMI, skinfold): No significant association for all comparisons (for documented…
4 studies
Very low

Non-responsive complementary feeding (NRCF) vs Other models of complementary feeding

Weight gain · Healthy, term-born, normal-birth-weight infants aged 4-24 months (breastfed and/or formula-fed) in Western industrialized countries

Narratively, restrictive NRCF style tended to favor excess weight and coercive/pressuring style tended to favor lower weight (3 of 5 studies each; ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary Feeding Caregivers' Practices and Growth, Risk of Overweight/Obesity, and Other Non-Communicable… 2022 All outcomes
Infancy to early childhood · Outpatient care in Western industrialized (European/Anglo-Saxon) countries · Restrictive vs coercive/pressuring styles
Restrictive style would favor excess weight (three of five studies); coercive style (pressure to eat) would favor a lower weight (three of five studies); clinical significance never quantified.
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported

Responsive complementary feeding (RCF) / other caregivers' feeding practices vs Other models of complementary feeding (traditional/non-responsive CF)

Type 2 diabetes (later in life) · Healthy, term-born, normal-birth-weight infants aged 4-24 months (breastfed and/or formula-fed) in Western industrialized countries

No eligible studies examined the influence of complementary feeding practices on later type 2 diabetes; this is an evidence gap.

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary Feeding Caregivers' Practices and Growth, Risk of Overweight/Obesity, and Other Non-Communicable… 2022 All outcomes
Later in life · Outpatient care in Western industrialized (European/Anglo-Saxon) countries
No studies on the influence of caregivers' feeding practices during complementary feeding on type 2 diabetes later in life were identified.
0 studies
No studies found

Responsive complementary feeding (RCF) / other caregivers' feeding practices vs Other models of complementary feeding (traditional/non-responsive CF)

Hypertension (later in life) · Healthy, term-born, normal-birth-weight infants aged 4-24 months (breastfed and/or formula-fed) in Western industrialized countries

No eligible studies examined the influence of complementary feeding practices on later hypertension; this is an evidence gap.

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary Feeding Caregivers' Practices and Growth, Risk of Overweight/Obesity, and Other Non-Communicable… 2022 All outcomes
Later in life · Outpatient care in Western industrialized (European/Anglo-Saxon) countries
No studies on the influence of caregivers' feeding practices during complementary feeding on hypertension later in life were identified.
0 studies
No studies found

Responsive complementary feeding (RCF) / other caregivers' feeding practices vs Other models of complementary feeding (traditional/non-responsive CF)

Dental caries · Healthy, term-born, normal-birth-weight infants aged 4-24 months (breastfed and/or formula-fed) in Western industrialized countries

No eligible studies examined the influence of complementary feeding practices on later dental caries; this is an evidence gap.

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary Feeding Caregivers' Practices and Growth, Risk of Overweight/Obesity, and Other Non-Communicable… 2022 All outcomes
Later in life · Outpatient care in Western industrialized (European/Anglo-Saxon) countries
No studies on the influence of caregivers' feeding practices during complementary feeding on dental caries later in life were identified.
0 studies
No studies found

Responsive complementary feeding (RCF) vs usual care

Z score BMI · Healthy, term-born, normal-birth-weight infants aged 4-24 months (breastfed and/or formula-fed) in Western industrialized countries

In one RCT, responsive complementary feeding lowered BMIz at 13 months versus control (0.23 vs 0.42, p=0.01; low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary Feeding Caregivers' Practices and Growth, Risk of Overweight/Obesity, and Other Non-Communicable… 2022 All outcomes
13 months · Outpatient care in Western industrialized (European/Anglo-Saxon) countries
Risk of overweight and obesity after 13 mo (RCT, BMIz): DANIELS 2012 - children in the intervention group had a lower BMIz at 13 months than controls (0.23 +/- 0.93 vs 0.42 +/- 0.85; p = 0.01); 698 (1 RCT); Low.
1 study · 698 participants
Low

Responsive complementary feeding (RCF) vs Other models of complementary feeding

Hypertension · Healthy children aged 6–24 months in Western industrialized countries

No eligible studies on caregivers' feeding practices during complementary feeding and later hypertension were found.

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary Feeding Caregivers' Practices and Growth, Risk of Overweight/Obesity, and Other Non-Communicable… 2022 All outcomes
Outpatient
no estimate extracted
0 studies
No studies found

Responsive complementary feeding (RCF) vs Other models of complementary feeding

Choking · Healthy children aged 6–24 months in Western industrialized countries

No eligible studies of RCF and choking were found.

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary Feeding Caregivers' Practices and Growth, Risk of Overweight/Obesity, and Other Non-Communicable… 2022 All outcomes
Outpatient
no estimate extracted
0 studies
No studies found

Responsive complementary feeding (RCF) vs Other models of complementary feeding

Dental caries · Healthy children aged 6–24 months in Western industrialized countries

No eligible trials explored caregivers' feeding practices during complementary feeding and dental caries.

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary Feeding Caregivers' Practices and Growth, Risk of Overweight/Obesity, and Other Non-Communicable… 2022 All outcomes
Outpatient
no estimate extracted
0 studies
No studies found

Non-responsive complementary feeding (NRCF) vs Other models of complementary feeding

Overweight/obesity risk · Healthy children aged 6–24 months in Western industrialized countries

NRCF showed no significant association with overweight/obesity across the reported comparisons (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary Feeding Caregivers' Practices and Growth, Risk of Overweight/Obesity, and Other Non-Communicable… 2022 All outcomes
15–20 months · Outpatient · observational
No significant association for all comparisons for documented exposures of at least 6 months; 4 observational studies; Very low certainty.
4 studies
Very low

Responsive / non-responsive complementary feeding (RCF/NRCF) vs Other models of complementary feeding

Choking · Healthy, term-born, normal-birth-weight infants aged 4-24 months (breastfed and/or formula-fed) in Western industrialized countries

No systematic reviews or studies assessed choking risk for RCF or NRCF (only BLW/BLISS); this is an evidence gap.

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary Feeding Caregivers' Practices and Growth, Risk of Overweight/Obesity, and Other Non-Communicable… 2022 All outcomes
Infancy · Outpatient care in Western industrialized (European/Anglo-Saxon) countries
No SRs or studies relevant to the risk of choking were found that included NRCF or RCF approaches other than those specifically defined as BLW or BLISS.
0 studies
No studies found

Consumers and providers working in partnership vs usual practice

Degree to which health service alterations reflect health service user (trial participant) priorities (demand responsiveness) · consumer and provider partnership participants or trial participants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of consumers and health providers working in partnership on health services planning, delivery and evaluation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Multi‐component intervention with consumers and providers working in partnership vs the same intervention without partnership

Degree to which health service alterations reflect health service user (trial participant) priorities (demand responsiveness) · consumer and provider partnership participants or trial participants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of consumers and health providers working in partnership on health services planning, delivery and evaluation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Parent‐mediated communication intervention vs no intervention

Parents' communication and interaction strategies: directiveness and responsiveness · children up to 5 years of age with a communication difficulty associated with any non‐progressive motor disorder acquired before 2 years…

1 finding from 1 review

Parent‐mediated communication interventions for improving the communication skills of preschool children with… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 18 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Postoperative sedation 12 hours after surgery (units of RSS, Ramsay Sedation Scale from 1 = Anxious or agitated or restless to 6 = Unresponsive) (MD, 95% CI) · adults having abdominal surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative dexmedetomidine for acute pain after abdominal surgery in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 80 participants
Very low

Intrauterine balloon tamponade plus normal care (misoprostol) vs normal care (misoprostol)

Mortality due to bleeding · women diagnosed with primary PPH following vaginal birth. Women were suspected to have PPH due to clinical atony and who were quote:…

It is very uncertain whether intrauterine balloon tamponade plus normal care (misoprostol) changes mortality due to bleeding compared with normal care (misoprostol) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 6.21 [0.77, 49.98]
1 study · 116 participants
Very low