Chemoradiotherapy showed no clear difference in overall survival compared with chemoradiotherapy plus surgery (high certainty).
Chemoradiotherapy probably leads to lower freedom from locoregional relapse compared with chemoradiotherapy plus surgery (moderate certainty).
Chemoradiotherapy may leads to higher treatment‐related mortality compared with chemoradiotherapy plus surgery (low certainty).
Chemoradiotherapy may leads to lower use of salvage procedures for dysphagia compared with chemoradiotherapy plus surgery (low certainty).
Non‐surgical showed no clear difference in long‐term mortality (time‐to‐event outcome): chemoradiotherapy… compared with surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (primary outcomes) (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether non‐surgical changes long‐term mortality (time‐to‐event outcome): radiotherapy versus… compared with surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (primary outcomes) (very low certainty).
Non‐surgical showed no clear difference in long‐term mortality (binary): definitive chemoradiotherapy versus… compared with surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (primary outcomes) (low certainty).
Perioperative chemotherapy leads to lower overall survival by chemo‐/radiotherapy ‐ Chemotherapy only compared with primary surgery (high certainty).
Perioperative chemotherapy probably leads to lower overall survival by chemo‐/radiotherapy ‐ Chemoradiotherapy compared with primary surgery (moderate certainty).
Brachytherapy showed no clear difference in adverse effects compared with brachytherapy plus radiotherapy (moderate certainty).
Brachytherapy showed no clear difference in adverse effects ‐ stricture compared with brachytherapy plus radiotherapy (high certainty).
Anti‐cancer therapy showed no clear difference in overall survival compared with best supportive care (moderate certainty).
Gemcitabine combinations showed no clear difference in overall survival ‐ Gemcitabine plus topoisomerase inhibitor compared with gemcitabine alone (high certainty).
Gemcitabine combinations leads to lower overall survival ‐ Gemcitabine plus taxane compared with gemcitabine alone (high certainty).
Gemcitabine combinations may leads to lower overall survival ‐ Gemcitabine plus other combinations of chemotherapy compared with gemcitabine alone (low certainty).
Gemcitabine combinations showed no clear difference in overall survival ‐ Gemcitabine plus other agent(s) compared with gemcitabine alone (low certainty).
Fluoropyrimidine combinations showed no clear difference in overall survival compared with fluoropyrimidine alone (low certainty).
Various types of chemotherapy probably leads to higher overall survival ‐ 5FU compared with gemcitabine (moderate certainty).
Various types of chemotherapy probably leads to lower overall survival ‐ FOLFIRINOX compared with gemcitabine (moderate certainty).