What do systematic reviews say?

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

• Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 4952 participants
  High

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

• Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  13 studies · 6598 participants
  Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

• Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 4188 participants
  Moderate

Group 4 Pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 19 participants
  Low
• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 227 participants
  Moderate

Group 4 Pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 20 participants
  Low

Group 4 Pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 19 participants
  Low
• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 227 participants
  Moderate

Group 4 Pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 19 participants
  Low
• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 227 participants
  Moderate

Group 4 Pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 19 participants
  Low
• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 227 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention leads to higher SAEs ‐ formoterol versus placebo ( (high certainty).

• Regular treatment with formoterol for chronic asthma: serious adverse events 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.57 [1.05, 2.37]
  19 studies · 6646 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in mortality (all‐cause) ‐ formoterol versus placebo ( (moderate certainty).

• Regular treatment with formoterol for chronic asthma: serious adverse events 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.52 [0.24, 9.71]
  14 studies · 5463 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention leads to higher SAEs ‐ formoterol versus placebo ( (high certainty).

• Regular treatment with formoterol for chronic asthma: serious adverse events 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.82 [1.16, 6.83]
  5 studies · 1335 participants
  High

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

• Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 10316 participants
  Moderate

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

• Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 2507 participants
  Moderate

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

• Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 12502 participants
  Moderate

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

Summary of findings table ‐ ICS showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.94 [0.84, 1.07]
  10 studies · 16636 participants
  Moderate

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

Summary of findings table ‐ ICS may leads to higher pneumonia compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.38 [1.02, 1.88]
  9 studies · 14831 participants
  Low

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

Summary of findings table ‐ ICS probably leads to higher oropharyngeal candidiasis compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.66 [1.91, 3.68]
  7 studies · 5547 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant vs placebo

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant probably leads to higher number of participants with no exacerbations during the study period compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Immunostimulants versus placebo for preventing exacerbations in adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.48 [1.15, 1.9]
  15 studies · 2961 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant vs placebo

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant showed no clear difference in mortality (all‐cause) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Immunostimulants versus placebo for preventing exacerbations in adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.64 [0.37, 1.1]
  5 studies · 1558 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant vs placebo

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant showed no clear difference in mortality (respiratory‐related) compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Immunostimulants versus placebo for preventing exacerbations in adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.4 [0.15, 1.07]
  2 studies · 735 participants
  Low