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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

18 questions · 18 findings · 2 reviews · Musculoskeletal

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No studies found 6 · 33.3%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 2 · 11.1%Low 3 · 16.7%Moderate 4 · 22.2%High 3 · 16.7%

Oral or transdermal opioids vs placebo

Adverse events as N of participants with at least one adverse event objective · Patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip

Oral or transdermal opioids probably leads to higher number of participants experiencing any adverse event (median compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol vs other opioids

Outcomesa · patients with osteoarthritis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol vs other opioids

Physical function · patients with osteoarthritis

Tramadol alone probably leads to higher physical function compared with other opioids (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol vs other opioids

Number of participants reporting an adverse event · patients with osteoarthritis

It is very uncertain whether tramadol alone changes number of participants experiencing any adverse event compared with other opioids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol vs other opioids

Withdrawals due to adverse events · patients with osteoarthritis

Tramadol alone may leads to higher number of participants who withdrew due to adverse events compared with other opioids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol vs other opioids

Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · patients with osteoarthritis

It is very uncertain whether tramadol alone changes number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events compared with other opioids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review