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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

7 questions · 10 findings · 1 reviews · Drugs and Alcohol

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 2 · 20%Low 6 · 60%Moderate 2 · 20%High 0 · 0%

Full opioid agonists vs different full opioid agonists or partial opioid agonists (methadone versus buprenorphine)

Illicit opioid use · pharmaceutical opioid dependent people

Full opioid agonists showed no clear difference in illicit opioid use compared with different full opioid agonists or partial opioid agonists (methadone… (moderate certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Full opioid agonists vs different full opioid agonists or partial opioid agonists (methadone versus buprenorphine)

Retention [ · pharmaceutical opioid dependent people

Full opioid agonists may leads to higher retention compared with different full opioid agonists or partial opioid agonists (methadone… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Full opioid agonists vs different full opioid agonists or partial opioid agonists (methadone versus buprenorphine)

Adverse effects · pharmaceutical opioid dependent people

Full opioid agonists showed no clear difference in adverse effects compared with different full opioid agonists or partial opioid agonists (methadone… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Full or partial opioid agonist maintenance vs placebo, detoxification only or psychological treatment (buprenorphine maintenance compared to taper or treatment

Adverse events · pharmaceutical opioid dependent people

It is very uncertain whether full or partial opioid agonist maintenance changes adverse events compared with placebo, detoxification only or psychological treatment… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Full or partial opioid agonist maintenance vs placebo, detoxification only or psychological treatment (buprenorphine maintenance compared to taper or treatment

Days of unsanctioned opioid use · pharmaceutical opioid dependent people

Full or partial opioid agonist maintenance showed no clear difference in days of unsanctioned opioid use (as number of days/30 or days/7) compared with placebo, detoxification only or psychological treatment… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Full or partial opioid agonist maintenance vs placebo, detoxification only or psychological treatment (buprenorphine maintenance compared to taper or treatment

Opioid use · pharmaceutical opioid dependent people

It is very uncertain whether full or partial opioid agonist maintenance changes self‐reported opioid use at treatment completion compared with placebo, detoxification only or psychological treatment… (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Full or partial opioid agonist maintenance vs placebo, detoxification only or psychological treatment (buprenorphine maintenance compared to taper or treatment

Retention in treatment · pharmaceutical opioid dependent people

Full or partial opioid agonist maintenance probably leads to higher retention: proportion of participants retained in treatment compared with placebo, detoxification only or psychological treatment… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review