What do systematic reviews say?

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal… showed no clear difference in number of participants with moderate/severe acute exacerbations… compared with nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo (low certainty).

• Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.53 [0.17, 1.63]
  2 studies · 1168 participants
  Low

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

• Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 1333 participants
  Moderate

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

• Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 239 participants
  Moderate

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

• Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 1595 participants
  Low

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Psychological interventions vs usual care, no intervention, or treatment with no psychological component

• Psychological interventions for asthma in children and adolescents 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 636 participants
  Very low

Effects of school‐based asthma interventions vs usual care

Effects of school‐based asthma interventions probably leads to lower unplanned visit to hospital or GP due to asthma symptoms (unplanned… compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

• School‐based self‐management interventions for asthma in children and adolescents: a mixed methods systematic review 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.74 [0.6, 0.9]
  5 studies · 3283 participants
  Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo

Antibiotics probably leads to lower children with progression of the disease resulting in additional… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Antibiotics for prolonged wet cough in children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.1 [0.03, 0.34]
  2 studies · 125 participants
  Moderate

Diaphragmatic breathing vs no breathing exercises

• Breathing exercises for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 30 participants
  Moderate

Myofunctional therapy vs medical treatment

• Myofunctional therapy (oropharyngeal exercises) for obstructive sleep apnoea 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 26 participants
  Low

Myofunctional therapy vs medical treatment

• Myofunctional therapy (oropharyngeal exercises) for obstructive sleep apnoea 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 26 participants
  Low

Myofunctional therapy vs medical treatment

• Myofunctional therapy (oropharyngeal exercises) for obstructive sleep apnoea 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 26 participants
  Low

Myofunctional therapy vs medical treatment

• Myofunctional therapy (oropharyngeal exercises) for obstructive sleep apnoea 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 26 participants
  Low

Non‐invasive ventilation vs usual care

Non‐invasive ventilation probably leads to lower mortality compared with usual medical care (moderate certainty).

• Non‐invasive ventilation for the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.54 [0.38, 0.76]
  12 studies · 854 participants
  Moderate

Non‐invasive ventilation vs usual care

Non‐invasive ventilation probably leads to lower need for endotracheal intubation compared with usual medical care (moderate certainty).

• Non‐invasive ventilation for the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.36 [0.28, 0.46]
  17 studies · 1105 participants
  Moderate

Non‐invasive ventilation vs usual care

• Non‐invasive ventilation for the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 888 participants
  Moderate