Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

21 questions · 21 findings · 3 reviews · Kidney and Transplant

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No studies found 3 · 14.3%GRADE not reported 1 · 4.8%Very low 9 · 42.9%Low 5 · 23.8%Moderate 3 · 14.3%High 0 · 0%

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Change in 24‐hour urinary protein excretion · adults with DKD

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 80 participants
Very low

Very low protein diet vs low or normal protein diet

Death (all causes) · non‐diabetic adults with CKD

Very low protein diet showed no clear difference in death (all causes) compared with low or normal protein diet (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low protein diets for non‐diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.26 [0.62, 2.54]
6 studies · 681 participants
Moderate

Very low protein diet vs low or normal protein diet

ESKD · non‐diabetic adults with CKD

Very low protein diet probably leads to lower ESKD compared with low or normal protein diet (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low protein diets for non‐diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.64 [0.49, 0.85]
10 studies · 1010 participants
Moderate

Very low protein diet vs low or normal protein diet

End or change in GFR · non‐diabetic adults with CKD

1 finding from 1 review

Low protein diets for non‐diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 456 participants
Low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Death (all causes) · non‐diabetic adults with CKD

Low protein diet showed no clear difference in death (all causes) compared with normal protein diet (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low protein diets for non‐diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.77 [0.51, 1.18]
5 studies · 1680 participants
Moderate

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

ESKD · non‐diabetic adults with CKD

Low protein diet showed no clear difference in ESKD compared with normal protein diet (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low protein diets for non‐diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.05 [0.73, 1.53]
6 studies · 1814 participants
Low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

End or change in GFR · non‐diabetic adults with CKD

1 finding from 1 review

Low protein diets for non‐diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 1680 participants
Very low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Death (any cause) · adults with DKD

Low protein diet showed no clear difference in death (any cause) compared with usual or unrestricted protein diet (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.38 [0.1, 1.44]
5 studies · 358 participants
Low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Kidney failure · adults with DKD

Low protein diet showed no clear difference in kidney failure compared with usual or unrestricted protein diet (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.16 [0.38, 3.59]
4 studies · 287 participants
Low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Change in GFR · adults with DKD

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 367 participants
Very low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Malnutrition · adults with DKD

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 471 participants
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

Final body weight: very low protein diet versus low protein diet · non‐diabetic adults with CKD

1 finding from 1 review

Low protein diets for non‐diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 291 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Final body weight: low protein versus normal protein diet · non‐diabetic adults with CKD

1 finding from 1 review

Low protein diets for non‐diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 223 participants
Very low

Very low vs low protein diet

Serum calcium · people with CKD‐MBD

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 22 participants
Very low

Very low vs low protein diet

Alkaline phosphatase · people with CKD‐MBD

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 22 participants
Very low

Very low vs low protein diet

All‐cause mortality · people with CKD‐MBD

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Very low vs low protein diet

Cardiovascular events · people with CKD‐MBD

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Very low vs low protein diet

Fracture · people with CKD‐MBD

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Very low vs low protein diet

Serum phosphorus · people with CKD‐MBD

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 41 participants
Very low

Very low vs low protein diet

PTH · people with CKD‐MBD

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 41 participants
Very low