Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

113 questions · 123 findings · 13 reviews · Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma

No studies found 45 · 36.6%GRADE not reported 6 · 4.9%Very low 40 · 32.5%Low 19 · 15.4%Moderate 9 · 7.3%High 4 · 3.3%

Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound vs control

Delayed or non‐union (medium term) · acute fractures in adults; included studies assessed effects in complete upper limb fractures (distal radius, clavicle, scaphoid,…

Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound showed no clear difference in delayed or non‐union (medium term) compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound vs control

Adverse events ‐ total of adverse events (Skin irritation) · acute fractures in adults; included studies assessed effects in complete upper limb fractures (distal radius, clavicle, scaphoid,…

It is very uncertain whether low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound changes adverse events Reported as skin irritation compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

TUG (lower score = faster) · adults following hip fracture surgery

The intervention showed no clear difference in TUG (lower score = faster) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

TUG (lower score = faster) · adults following hip fracture surgery

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes TUG (lower score = faster) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Neutral / cushioned vs minimalist running shoes

Number of runners sustaining a lower‐limb running injurya ( · healthy adults participating in recreational running

Neutral / cushioned showed no clear difference in number of runners sustaining a lower‐limb running injurya ( compared with minimalist running shoes (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Motion control vs neutral / cushioned running shoes

Number of runners sustaining a lower‐limb running injurya ( · healthy adults participating in recreational running

It is very uncertain whether motion control changes number of runners sustaining a lower‐limb running injurya ( compared with neutral / cushioned running shoes (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings. Below‐elbow vs above‐elbow cast

Physical function · children with either displaced distal radius fracture with intact or displaced ulna fracture (both‐bone fracture), or minimally displaced…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Summary of findings. Below‐elbow vs above‐elbow cast

'Treatment failure': secondary procedures such as remanipulation for early loss of position (only data for this used here); and change in treatment ( · children with either displaced distal radius fracture with intact or displaced ulna fracture (both‐bone fracture), or minimally displaced…

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings. Below‐elbow changes 'Treatment failure': secondary procedures such as remanipulation for… compared with above‐elbow cast (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review