What do systematic reviews say?

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether self‐management interventions changes respiratory‐related hospital admissions compared with usual care (very low certainty).

• Self‐management interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.75 [0.57, 0.98]
  3263 participants
  Very low
• Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.69 [0.51, 0.94]
  14 studies · 3157 participants
  Moderate

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

Self‐management interventions showed no clear difference in respiratory‐related mortality compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Self‐management interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.7 [0.89, 3.26]
  1572 participants
  Low
• Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.94 [1.2, 3.13]
  7 studies · 1219 participants
  Very low

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

Self‐management interventions showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Self‐management interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.86 [0.59, 1.26]
  5719 participants
  Low
• Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.06 [0.71, 1.59]
  16 studies · 3296 participants
  Moderate

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

Self‐management interventions showed no clear difference in all‐cause hospital admissions compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

• Self‐management interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.88 [0.71, 1.08]
  2633 participants
  Moderate
• Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.74 [0.54, 1.03]
  10 studies · 2467 participants
  Moderate

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

• Self‐management interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1401 participants
  Moderate
• Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 740 participants
  Moderate

CBT vs TAU

It is very uncertain whether CBT changes adverse events (number of people with adverse events) (Lower events… compared with TAU (post‐treatment) (very low certainty).

• Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 6 [2.2, 16.4]
  1 study · 140 participants
  Very low

CBT vs TAU

It is very uncertain whether CBT changes pain intensity (number of people with ≥ 30 % improvement)… compared with TAU (at follow‐up) (very low certainty).

• Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.7 [0.82, 3.53]
  1 study · 69 participants
  Very low

Hydroxyurea vs placebo

• Interventions for chronic kidney disease in people with sickle cell disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 193 participants
  Low

Skim milk enriched with GMP/G600 vs skim milk & lactose powder

Skim milk enriched with GMP/G600 showed no clear difference in participant withdrawals due to adverse events participant and study… compared with skim milk & lactose powder (low certainty).

• Lifestyle interventions for chronic gout 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.27 [0.53, 3.03]
  1 study · 120 participants
  Low

Skim milk enriched with GMP/G600 vs skim milk & lactose powder

• Lifestyle interventions for chronic gout 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 120 participants
  Low