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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

3 questions · 3 findings · 2 reviews · Dental caries

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 3 · 100%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%

Electronic cigarette use vs Non-smokers (non-users)

Oral microbiota composition (dysbiosis; increased periodontal/opportunistic pathogens) · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition)

E-cigarette use is associated with oral microbiota dysbiosis and increased pathogenic bacteria compared with non-smokers (narrative synthesis; ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Postbiotic toothpaste vs Fluoride toothpaste alone

Increased salivary IgA · children aged 6‐12 years

Postbiotics increase salivary IgA (immune modulation) in human trials (ungraded narrative synthesis).

1 finding from 1 review
  • Postbiotics and Dental Caries: A Systematic Review. 2025 All outcomes
    Daily for 14 days to 4 weeks · Clinical; salivary/plaque sampling
    Postbiotic toothpaste significantly increased salivary IgA versus fluoride toothpaste (Basir 2022); the review also cites Lin 2022 for postbiotic immune modulation/IgA; no pooled estimate.
    1 study
    GRADE not reported

Postbiotic toothpaste vs Fluoride toothpaste alone

Increased salivary pH · children aged 6‐12 years

Postbiotic toothpaste raises salivary pH in one pediatric RCT (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review
  • Postbiotics and Dental Caries: A Systematic Review. 2025 All outcomes
    4 weeks · Clinical; salivary/plaque sampling
    Postbiotic toothpaste significantly increased salivary pH versus fluoride toothpaste in children (Basir 2022); postbiotics are also proposed to buffer acidic pH; no pooled estimate.
    1 study
    GRADE not reported