Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

22 questions · 22 findings · 5 reviews · Schizophrenia

No studies found 2 · 9.1%GRADE not reported 1 · 4.5%Very low 8 · 36.4%Low 7 · 31.8%Moderate 3 · 13.6%High 1 · 4.5%

ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs haloperidol

Global state: non‐responders to the first injection · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)

ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) showed no clear difference in global state: non‐responders to the first injection compared with OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. HALOPERIDOL (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs PLACEBO/NIL

Repeated need for tranquillisation ‐ needing additional injections during 24 hours · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)

It is very uncertain whether ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) changes repeated need for tranquillisation ‐ needing additional injections… compared with PLACEBO/NIL (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs PLACEBO/NIL

Global state: non‐responders to the first injection · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)

ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) may leads to lower global state: non‐responders to the first injection compared with PLACEBO/NIL (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs haloperidol

Repeated need for tranquillisation ‐ needing additional injections during 24 hours · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)

It is very uncertain whether ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) changes repeated need for tranquillisation ‐ needing additional injections… compared with OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. HALOPERIDOL (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: b. HALOPERIDOL + LORAZEPAM

Repeated need for rapid tranquillisation ‐ needing additional injection during 24 hours · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether HALOPERIDOL changes repeated need for rapid tranquillisation ‐ needing additional… compared with COMBINATIONS: b. HALOPERIDOL + LORAZEPAM (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HALOPERIDOL vs chlorpromazine

Repeated need for rapid tranquillisation ‐ more than 1 injection · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether HALOPERIDOL changes repeated need for rapid tranquillisation ‐ more that 1 injection compared with OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. CHLORPROMAZINE (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO/NIL

Repeated need for tranquillisation ‐ needing additional injections during 24 hours · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

HALOPERIDOL may leads to lower repeated need for tranquillisation needing additional injection… compared with PLACEBO/NIL (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: c. DROPERIDOL

Repeated need for rapid tranquillisation ‐ more than 1 injection · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

HALOPERIDOL probably leads to higher repeated need for rapid tranquillisation ‐ more than 1 injection compared with OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: c. DROPERIDOL (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE

Repeated need for rapid tranquillisation ‐ more than 3 injections · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether HALOPERIDOL changes repeated need for rapid tranquillisation ‐ more than 3 injections compared with OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: k. ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HALOPERIDOL vs ARIPIPRAZOLE

Repeated need for rapid tranquillisation ‐ needing additional injection · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

HALOPERIDOL may leads to lower repeated need for rapid tranquillisation ‐ needing additional… compared with OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. ARIPIPRAZOLE (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HALOPERIDOL vs lorazepam

Repeated need for rapid tranquillisation ‐ more than 1 injection · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether HALOPERIDOL changes repeated need for rapid tranquillisation more than 1 injection compared with BENZODIAZEPINE: b. LORAZEPAM (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE vs STANDARD DRUG CARE

Global state: 2. Requiring 3 or more injections ‐ over 7 days · patients with acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses

ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE may leads to lower global state: 2. Requiring 3 or more injections ‐ over 7 days compared with STANDARD DRUG CARE (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CHLORPROMAZINE vs haloperidol

Global outcome: Number of additional injections ‐ 2‐4 injections · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether CHLORPROMAZINE changes global outcome: Number of additional injections ‐ 2‐4 injections compared with HALOPERIDOL (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CHLORPROMAZINE vs haloperidol

Global outcome: Number of additional injections ‐ 5 or more · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether CHLORPROMAZINE changes global outcome: Number of additional injections ‐ 5 or more compared with HALOPERIDOL (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Paliperidone palmitate vs risperidone long‐acting injection

No clinically important change Number of people whose PANSS score either increased or did not decrease by at least 30% from the beginning to the end of the trial · patients with schizophrenia

Paliperidone palmitate showed no clear difference in no clinically important change Number of people whose PANSS score… compared with risperidone long‐acting injection (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Paliperidone palmitate vs risperidone long‐acting injection

Relapse: recurrence of psychotic symptoms Reported by trial author as adverse event · patients with schizophrenia

Paliperidone palmitate showed no clear difference in relapse: recurrence of psychotic symptoms Reported by trial authors… compared with risperidone long‐acting injection (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review