Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

35 questions · 35 findings · 3 reviews · Neonatal · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 13 · 37.1%GRADE not reported 3 · 8.6%Very low 11 · 31.4%Low 5 · 14.3%Moderate 3 · 8.6%High 0 · 0%

Very high protein vs high protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Weight gain · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 77 participants
Moderate

Very high protein vs high protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Linear growth (cm/week) · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 77 participants
Moderate

Very high protein vs high protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Growth: head circumference (cm/week) · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Very high protein vs high protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

IQ score and Bayley score at 18 months or later · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Very high protein vs high protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Necrotising enterocolitis · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

High protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Rate of weight gain (g/kg/day) · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 114 participants
Low

High protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Linear growth (cm/week) · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 48 participants
Low

High protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Growth: head circumference (cm/week) · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 18 participants
Very low

High protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

IQ score and Bayley score at 18 months or later · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

High protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Necrotising enterocolitis · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 46 participants
Low

Very high protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Necrotising enterocolitis · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Very high protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Weight gain · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Very high protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Linear growth (cm/week) · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Very high protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Growth: head circumference (cm/week) · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Very high protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

IQ score and Bayley score at 18 months or later · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

High‐protein formula vs standard‐protein formula

Underweight · healthy, full‐term (37 to 42 weeks), formula‐fed infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 1629 participants
Very low

High‐protein formula vs standard‐protein formula

Stunting · healthy, full‐term (37 to 42 weeks), formula‐fed infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 1629 participants
Very low

High‐protein formula vs standard‐protein formula

Wasting · healthy, full‐term (37 to 42 weeks), formula‐fed infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 1629 participants
Very low

High‐protein formula vs standard‐protein formula

Overweight · healthy, full‐term (37 to 42 weeks), formula‐fed infants

It is very uncertain whether high‐protein formula changes overweight compared with standard‐protein formula (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.26 [0.63, 2.51]
1 study · 1090 participants
Very low

High‐protein formula vs standard‐protein formula

Obesity · healthy, full‐term (37 to 42 weeks), formula‐fed infants

It is very uncertain whether high‐protein formula changes obesity compared with standard‐protein formula (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.96 [0.59, 6.48]
1 study · 1090 participants
Very low