Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

534 questions · 539 findings · 63 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 101 · 18.7%GRADE not reported 63 · 11.7%Very low 93 · 17.3%Low 167 · 31%Moderate 89 · 16.5%High 26 · 4.8%

Routine fetal movement counting vs mixed or undefined fetal movement counting

Maternal‐fetal attachment · Pregnant women who had reached the gestational age of fetal viability

Routine fetal movement counting showed no clear difference in maternal‐fetal attachment compared with mixed or undefined fetal movement counting (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 951 participants
Low

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Fetal blood sampling ‐ ST analysis · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… leads to lower fetal blood sampling ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.61 [0.41, 0.91]
4 studies · 9671 participants
High

Routine fetal movement counting vs mixed or undefined fetal movement counting

Perinatal death or severe morbidity · Pregnant women who had reached the gestational age of fetal viability

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Routine fetal movement counting vs mixed or undefined fetal movement counting

Caesarean section · Pregnant women who had reached the gestational age of fetal viability

Routine fetal movement counting showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with mixed or undefined fetal movement counting (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.93 [0.6, 1.44]
1 study · 1076 participants
Low

Routine fetal movement counting vs mixed or undefined fetal movement counting

Perinatal mortality · Pregnant women who had reached the gestational age of fetal viability

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 1076 participants
Low

Routine fetal movement counting vs mixed or undefined fetal movement counting

Maternal anxiety · Pregnant women who had reached the gestational age of fetal viability

Routine fetal movement counting showed no clear difference in maternal anxiety compared with mixed or undefined fetal movement counting (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 1013 participants
Moderate

Routine fetal movement counting vs mixed or undefined fetal movement counting

Number of antenatal hospital admissions · Pregnant women who had reached the gestational age of fetal viability

Routine fetal movement counting showed no clear difference in antenatal hospital admission rate per cluster (mean) compared with mixed or undefined fetal movement counting (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
SMD 0.38
1 study · 52 participants
Low

Routine fetal movement counting vs mixed or undefined fetal movement counting

Low birthweight (< 2500 g or < 10th centile) · Pregnant women who had reached the gestational age of fetal viability

Routine fetal movement counting showed no clear difference in low birthweight (< 2500 g or < 10th centile) compared with mixed or undefined fetal movement counting (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.66, 1.44]
1 study · 1073 participants
Low

Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Doppler vs routine Pinard (outcomes

Caesarean section for fetal distress and/or fetal acidosis · women in established labour and their babies.

Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal… probably leads to higher caesarean section for fetal distress and/or fetal acidosis compared with routine Pinard (outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.71 [1.64, 4.48]
1 study · 627 participants
Moderate

Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intensive Pinard vs routine Pinard (outcomes

Caesarean section for fetal distress and/or fetal acidosis · women in established labour and their babies.

Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal… showed no clear difference in caesarean section for fetal distress and/or fetal acidosis compared with routine Pinard (outcomes (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.7 [0.35, 1.38]
1 study · 625 participants
Low

Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intermittent electronic fetal monitoring (CTG) vs routine Pinard (outcomes

Caesarean section for fetal distress and/or fetal acidosis · women in established labour and their babies.

1 finding from 1 review

Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.92 [1.78, 4.8]
1 study · 633 participants
Moderate

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Caesarean section ‐ ST analysis · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… showed no clear difference in caesarean section ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.96, 1.08]
6 studies · 26446 participants
High

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Cord pH less than 7.05 and base deficit greater than 12 mmol/L ‐ ST analysis · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… showed no clear difference in cord pH less than 7.05 and base deficit greater than 12 mmol/L ‐ ST… compared with CTG alone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.72 [0.43, 1.2]
6 studies · 25682 participants
Moderate

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Neonatal encephalopathy ‐ ST analysis · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… showed no clear difference in neonatal encephalopathy ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.61 [0.3, 1.22]
6 studies · 26410 participants
High

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Instrumental vaginal birth · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… leads to lower operative vaginal delivery ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.92 [0.86, 0.99]
6 studies · 26446 participants
High

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Neonatal admission to special care · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… showed no clear difference in admission to neonatal special care unit ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.96 [0.89, 1.04]
6 studies · 26410 participants
High

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Any perinatal death after randomisation · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… showed no clear difference in perinatal death ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.71 [0.67, 4.33]
6 studies · 26446 participants
High

Sildenafil vs IV nitroglycerin

Fetal mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 23 participants
Low

Sildenafil vs Placebo or no active treatment

Fetal mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction

Sildenafil citrate showed no clear difference in fetal mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.82 [0.6, 1.12]
5 studies · 516 participants
Moderate

Tadalafil vs Placebo or no active treatment

Fetal mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction

Tadalafil showed no clear difference in fetal mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.11 [0.01, 1.96]
1 study · 87 participants
Low