What do systematic reviews say?

Psychological health of parent/carer Timing: the longest time point available for each study Direction of effect: higher beneficial · Indigenous children aged < 5 years

Participants' health status and well‐being · Indigenous children aged < 5 years

Psychological health and emotional behaviour of children Timing: the longest time point available for each study Direction of effect: higher beneficial · Indigenous children aged < 5 years

Physical health and developmental health outcomes of children Timing: the longest time point available for each study Direction of effect: higher beneficial · Indigenous children aged < 5 years

Family health‐enhancing lifestyle or behavioural outcomes Timing: the longest time point available for each study Direction of effect: higher beneficial · Indigenous children aged < 5 years

Harms · Indigenous children aged < 5 years