Caesarean section · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)
Early initiation of epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with late initiation (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Instrumental delivery · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)
Early initiation of epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in instrumental delivery compared with late initiation (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Duration of 1st stage of labour · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)
1 finding from 1 review
Duration of second stage (minutes) · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)
1 finding from 1 review
Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)
Early initiation of epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in apgar score <7 at 5 min compared with late initiation (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Umbilical artery pH · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)
1 finding from 1 review
Umblical vein pH · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)
1 finding from 1 review
Epidural analgesia during labour · women with fear of childbirth (tocophobia)
Non‐pharmacological interventions for fear of childbirth (tocophobia) showed no clear difference in epidural analgesia during labour compared with usual care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Epidural analgesia during labour · pregnant women from the time of their first antenatal visit to the end of the puerperium
Case notes showed no clear difference in epidural analgesia used in labour compared with control (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Maternal pain score measured during labour · women in labour
1 finding from 1 review
Satisfaction with pain relief · women in labour
Epidural may leads to higher satisfaction with pain relief ‐ proportion rating excellent or very… compared with opioids (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Instrumental vaginal birth · women in labour
Epidural may leads to higher assisted vaginal birth compared with opioids (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Caesarean section · women in labour
Epidural showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with opioids (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Side effects (maternal) ‐ long‐term backache · women in labour
Epidural showed no clear difference in side effects (maternal) ‐ long‐term backache compared with opioids (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Admission to neonatal or intensive care nursery · women in labour
Epidural showed no clear difference in admission to special care baby unit/neonatal intensive care unit (as… compared with opioids (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · women in labour
Epidural showed no clear difference in apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes compared with opioids (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Number of women requiring supplemental intra‐operative analgesia at any time after CSE or spinal anaesthetic insertion · women undergoing caesarean section
It is very uncertain whether combined spinal‐epidural changes number of women requiring supplemental intra‐operative analgesia at… compared with high‐dose spinal (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Number of women requiring supplemental intra‐operative analgesia at any time after CSE or spinal anaesthetic insertion · women undergoing caesarean section
Combined spinal‐epidural showed no clear difference in number of women requiring supplemental intra‐operative analgesia at… compared with low‐dose spinal (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Regional analgesia (epidural/spinal) · childbearing women and their infants (all) (important/secondary outcomes)
It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Midwife continuity of care models changes regional analgesia (epidural/spinal) compared with other models of care (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Additional analgesia required (epidural, pethidine and Entonox) · women in labour
IM pethidine may leads to lower additional analgesia required (epidural, pethidine and Entonox) compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review