TNF-α level · People who use electronic cigarettes
The review reports no significant e-cigarette effect on salivary TNF-α.
3 findings from 1 review
Cohen's d 0.23 [-0.62, 1.09]
5 studies
GRADE not reported
Cohen's d 2.19 [1.53, 2.84]
2 studies
GRADE not reported
Cohen's d 0.66 [-0.16, 1.43]
7 studies
GRADE not reported
IL-6 level · People who use electronic cigarettes
The review reports that GCF evidence was limited and may show a potential association.
3 findings from 1 review
Cohen's d 1.43 [0.76, 2.10]
1 study
GRADE not reported
Cohen's d 0.78 [-0.56, 1.98]
5 studies
GRADE not reported
Cohen's d 0.83 [-0.16, 1.79]
6 studies
GRADE not reported
IL-1β level · People who use electronic cigarettes
The review reports no significant e-cigarette effect on salivary IL-1β.
3 findings from 1 review
Cohen's d 0.87 [-0.33, 2.08]
9 studies
GRADE not reported
Cohen's d 0.98 [-0.03, 1.99]
11 studies
GRADE not reported
Cohen's d 1.58 [-0.79, 3.94]
2 studies
GRADE not reported
Combined salivary IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α levels · People who use electronic cigarettes
The review suggests that vaping does not affect the four combined salivary proinflammatory markers.
1 finding from 1 review
DMFT/DMFS score · People who use electronic cigarettes
The review reports that the effect of vaping on dental caries remains unclear.
1 finding from 1 review
IL-8 level · People who use electronic cigarettes
The review reports that GCF evidence was limited and may show a potential association.
3 findings from 1 review
no estimate extracted
1 study
GRADE not reported
Cohen's d -0.32 [-0.99, 0.35]
5 studies
GRADE not reported
Cohen's d -0.43 [-1.02, 0.14]
6 studies
GRADE not reported
Oral candidiasis prevalence · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition)
E-cigarette users may have a higher prevalence of oral Candida colonization than non-smokers (narrative synthesis; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Narrative synthesis: e-cigarette users showed a higher prevalence of Candida spp. (e.g., C. albicans) and increased fungal species compared with non-smokers (Ralho, Camoni [32,28]); no pooled estimate reported.
2 studies
GRADE not reported
Dental caries and cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli) · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition)
E-cigarette use is associated with more cariogenic bacteria and increased dental caries risk compared with non-smokers (narrative synthesis; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Narrative synthesis: e-cigarette use linked to increased cariogenic bacteria (S. mutans, Lactobacilli) and worsening dental caries, with flavored e-liquids noted as a caries risk factor (Zieba, Camoni, Yang…
3 studies
GRADE not reported
Self-reported gingivitis · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition)
E-cigarette use is associated with self-reported gingivitis compared with non-smokers (single included review; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Oral microbiota composition (dysbiosis; increased periodontal/opportunistic pathogens) · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition)
E-cigarette use is associated with oral microbiota dysbiosis and increased pathogenic bacteria compared with non-smokers (narrative synthesis; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Plaque index / periodontal health (relative harm vs conventional smoking) · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health)
E-cigarette users tend to have a lower plaque index and less periodontal harm than traditional cigarette smokers, although still worse than non-smokers (narrative synthesis; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Plaque index (PI) / oral hygiene · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition)
E-cigarette users tend to have a higher plaque index (more biofilm accumulation) than non-smokers (narrative synthesis of systematic reviews; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Narrative synthesis: e-cigarette users exhibited a higher plaque index than non-smokers across included reviews (Shabil, Vamos, Youssef, Thiem, Figueredo, Yang [24,25,27,29,30,31]); the umbrella review reported no…
6 studies
GRADE not reported
Periodontitis / periodontal disease and periodontal parameters · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition)
E-cigarette users appear more likely to develop periodontal disease and worse periodontal parameters than non-smokers (narrative synthesis; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Narrative synthesis: e-cigarette use associated with increased risk of periodontal and gingival disease and worse periodontal parameters vs non-smokers (Tattar, Shabil, Figueredo, Yang [23,24,30,31]); no pooled…
7 studies
GRADE not reported
Peri-implant clinical and radiographic parameters (plaque index, probing depth, bone loss, pro-inflammatory profile) · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users with dental implants (incl. male implant-supported prosthesis patients)
Among dental implant patients, e-cigarette users show worse peri-implant parameters (more plaque, worse clinical and radiographic outcomes) than non-smokers (narrative synthesis; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Interleukin-8 (IL-8) · Humans who use e-cigarettes (mostly adults, often with periodontal disease) assessed for oral proinflammatory markers
Meta-analysis suggests no significant effect of e-cigarette use on the salivary level of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) (6 studies), though heterogeneity was high (I2=84%) and the pooled estimate appears only in Figure 3C (unavailable); GCF data were limited (1 study(ies)) (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
DMFT/DMFS index (dental caries experience) · Humans who use e-cigarettes (adolescents to adults) assessed for dental caries
A meta-analysis of 3 studies compared DMFT/DMFS in e-cigarette users vs non-smokers, but the pooled effect appears only in Figure 3A (unavailable) and heterogeneity was very high (I2=98%); the effect of vaping on dental caries remains unclear (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) · Humans who use e-cigarettes (mostly adults, often with periodontal disease) assessed for oral proinflammatory markers
Meta-analysis suggests no significant effect of e-cigarette use on the salivary level of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) (6 studies), though heterogeneity was high (I2=95%) and the pooled estimate appears only in Figure 3D (unavailable); GCF data were limited (1 study(ies)) (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Dry mouth (xerostomia) · Humans who use e-cigarettes (adolescents to adults) assessed for dental caries
Two studies reported more frequent xerostomia (dry mouth) among e-cigarette users than non-smokers, which may raise caries risk, but results were not pooled (ungraded, narrative).
1 finding from 1 review
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) · Humans who use e-cigarettes (mostly adults, often with periodontal disease) assessed for oral proinflammatory markers
Meta-analysis suggests no significant effect of e-cigarette use on the salivary level of Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (7 studies), though heterogeneity was high (I2=95%) and the pooled estimate appears only in Figure 3E (unavailable); GCF data were limited (2 study(ies)) (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Combined salivary IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α levels · Humans who use e-cigarettes (mostly adults, often with periodontal disease) assessed for oral proinflammatory markers
Combining all four salivary cytokines, the meta-analysis found no effect of e-cigarette use on salivary proinflammatory marker levels (low between-marker heterogeneity, I2=31%); the pooled estimate appears only in Figure 3F (unavailable) and is ungraded.
1 finding from 1 review