What do systematic reviews say?

Digital intervention with or without routine supported self‐management vs control

• Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 122 participants
  Very low

Digital intervention with or without routine supported self‐management vs control

• Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 55 participants
  Very low
• Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 42 participants
  Very low

Digital intervention with or without routine supported self‐management vs control

• Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 123 participants
  Low

Digital intervention with or without routine supported self‐management vs control

• Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 84 participants
  Low

Digital intervention with or without routine supported self‐management vs control

• Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 69 participants
  Low

Digital adherence interventions vs usual care

• Digital interventions to improve adherence to maintenance medication in asthma 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  16 studies · 8885 participants
  Low

Digital adherence interventions vs usual care

• Digital interventions to improve adherence to maintenance medication in asthma 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  15 studies · 1638 participants
  Moderate

Digital adherence interventions vs usual care

Digital adherence interventions may leads to lower asthma exacerbations ‐ Number of people with one or more exacerbations compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Digital interventions to improve adherence to maintenance medication in asthma 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.53 [0.32, 0.91]
  6 studies · 678 participants
  Low

Digital adherence interventions vs usual care

Digital adherence interventions showed no clear difference in unscheduled healthcare utilisation ‐ number of hospital or GP/ED… compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Digital interventions to improve adherence to maintenance medication in asthma 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.74 [0.51, 1.06]
  4 studies · 446 participants
  Low

Digital adherence interventions vs usual care

• Digital interventions to improve adherence to maintenance medication in asthma 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 1052 participants
  Moderate

Digital adherence interventions vs usual care

• Digital interventions to improve adherence to maintenance medication in asthma 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 848 participants
  Moderate

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

It is very uncertain whether multi‐component intervention changes adverse events: number of people experiencing an AE compared with other intervention or routine, usual care or control treatment (very low certainty).

• Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.07 [0.51, 2.25]
  1 study · 166 participants
  Very low

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

Multi‐component intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events: number of people experiencing a serious adverse event compared with other intervention or routine, usual care or control treatment (low certainty).

• Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.85 [0.55, 1.34]
  1 study · 319 participants
  Low

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

• Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 20 participants
  Very low

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

• Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 241 participants
  Very low

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

It is very uncertain whether multi‐component intervention changes exacerbations: number of people experiencing at least one exacerbation compared with other intervention or routine, usual care or control treatment (very low certainty).

• Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.86 [0.58, 1.28]
  2 studies · 485 participants
  Very low

Smart technology vs face‐to‐face/digital and/or written support

• Computer and mobile technology interventions for self‐management in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 239 participants
  Low

Smart technology vs face‐to‐face/digital and/or written support

• Computer and mobile technology interventions for self‐management in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 239 participants
  Low

Smart technology vs face‐to‐face/digital and/or written support

• Computer and mobile technology interventions for self‐management in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 472 participants
  Low

Smart technology vs face‐to‐face/digital and/or written support

• Computer and mobile technology interventions for self‐management in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 230 participants
  Low