What do systematic reviews say?

Antioxidants vs control

Antioxidants showed no clear difference in cardiovascular death compared with control (low certainty).

• Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.94 [0.64, 1.4]
  8 studies · 3813 participants
  Low

Antioxidants vs control

Antioxidants showed no clear difference in death (any cause) compared with control (moderate certainty).

• Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.82, 1.11]
  45 studies · 7530 participants
  Moderate

Antioxidants vs control

Antioxidants probably leads to lower cardiovascular disease compared with control (moderate certainty).

• Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.79 [0.63, 0.99]
  16 studies · 4768 participants
  Moderate

Antioxidants vs control

Antioxidants probably leads to higher heart failure compared with control (moderate certainty).

• Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.4 [1.11, 1.76]
  6 studies · 3733 participants
  Moderate

Antioxidants vs control

Antioxidants showed no clear difference in kidney failure compared with control (moderate certainty).

• Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.65 [0.41, 1.02]
  10 studies · 3201 participants
  Moderate

Antioxidants vs control

• Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  28 studies · 4128 participants
  Very low

Antioxidants vs control

Antioxidants showed no clear difference in graft loss compared with control (moderate certainty).

• Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.88 [0.67, 1.17]
  11 studies · 1053 participants
  Moderate

Antioxidants vs control

Antioxidants probably leads to higher infection compared with control (moderate certainty).

• Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.3 [1.14, 1.5]
  14 studies · 3697 participants
  Moderate

Antioxidants vs placebo or no treatment

It is very uncertain whether antioxidants changes live birth rate per couple randomised compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

• Antioxidants for male subfertility 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.43 [1.07, 1.91]
  12 studies · 1283 participants
  Very low

Antioxidants vs placebo or no treatment

Antioxidants may leads to higher clinical pregnancy rate per couple randomised compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

• Antioxidants for male subfertility 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.89 [1.45, 2.47]
  20 studies · 1706 participants
  Low

Antioxidants vs placebo or no treatment

It is very uncertain whether antioxidants changes adverse events ‐ Miscarriage compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

• Antioxidants for male subfertility 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.46 [0.75, 2.83]
  6 studies · 664 participants
  Very low

Antioxidants vs placebo or no treatment

Antioxidants may leads to higher adverse events ‐ Gastrointestinal compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

• Antioxidants for male subfertility 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.7 [1.46, 4.99]
  16 studies · 1355 participants
  Low

Antioxidants vs placebo

Antioxidants showed no clear difference in treatment responseaClinical Global Impressions ‐ Improvement Scale… compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Pharmacotherapy for trichotillomania 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.25 [0.84, 5.99]
  1 study · 36 participants
  Low

Antioxidants vs placebo

• Pharmacotherapy for trichotillomania 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 27 participants
  Low

Antioxidants vs placebo

• Pharmacotherapy for trichotillomania 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 18 participants
  Low

Antioxidants vs placebo

Antioxidants showed no clear difference in treatment responseaClinical Global Impressions ‐ Improvement Scale… compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Pharmacotherapy for trichotillomania 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2 [0.28, 14.2]
  1 study · 8 participants
  Low

Antioxidants vs placebo

• Pharmacotherapy for trichotillomania 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 6 participants
  Low

Antioxidants vs placebo

• Pharmacotherapy for trichotillomania 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 6 participants
  Low

Antioxidants vs placebo

• Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid and late… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 1904 participants
  Moderate
• Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid and late… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 1 participants
  Low
• Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid and late… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 4052 participants
  Moderate

Antioxidants vs placebo

• Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid and late… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 20536 participants
  Moderate
• Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid and late… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 1100 participants
  Moderate