Intervention not reported
Pneumonia ‐ 12 to 58 months of age · children under 5 years of age with undifferentiated ARI
The intervention showed no clear difference in pneumonia ‐ 12 to 58 months of age (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Pneumonia ‐ 0 to 11 months of age · children under 5 years of age with undifferentiated ARI
The intervention showed no clear difference in pneumonia ‐ 0 to 11 months of age (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Home visit with encouragement to receive influenza vaccination compared to home visit with safety intervention · people aged 60 years and older living in the community
Enhancing vaccination access showed no clear difference in home visit with encouragement to receive influenza vaccination… compared with no intervention or another intervention (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Home visit by nurse or group sessions with encouragement to receive influenza vaccination plus care plan developed with physician compared to no intervention · people aged 60 years and older living in the community
1 finding from 1 review
Posters in clinic displaying influenza vaccination rates to encourage doctors to compete plus postcards to participants compared to no intervention · people aged 60 years and older living in the community
Provider‐ or system‐based interventions leads to higher posters in clinic displaying influenza vaccination rates to… compared with no intervention or another intervention (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Posters in clinic displaying influenza vaccination rates to encourage doctors to compete plus postcards to participants compared to posters alone · people aged 60 years and older living in the community
Provider‐ or system‐based interventions showed no clear difference in posters in clinic displaying influenza vaccination rates to… compared with no intervention or another intervention (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Facilitator encouragement of prevention manoeuvres including influenza vaccination compared to no intervention · people aged 60 years and older living in the community
1 finding from 1 review
Cumulative incidence of herpes zoster, 3.1 years · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years
Live zoster vaccine probably leads to lower cumulative incidence of herpes zoster, 3.1 years compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Participants with adverse events: 1 or more serious adverse events regardless of type of storage of the vaccine Clinical or laboratory criteria · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years
Live zoster vaccine showed no clear difference in participants with adverse events: 1 or more serious adverse events… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Cumulative incidence of herpes zoster at least 3.2 years · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years
Recombinant zoster vaccine probably leads to lower cumulative incidence of herpes zoster at least 3.2 years compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Carriage of NTHi Not meta‐analysed · adults (> 18 years of age) with either COPD or recurrent acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low
Final diagnosis of at least one episode of AOM · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
Xylitol probably leads to lower final diagnosis of at least one episode of AOM compared with control (moderate certainty).
3 findings from 1 review
RR 0.75 [0.65, 0.88]
3 studies · 1826 participants
Moderate
RR 0.9 [0.67, 1.21]
1 study · 326 participants
Low
RR 1.13 [0.83, 1.53]
1 study · 1253 participants
Moderate
Antibiotic administration ‐ not measured · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
1 finding from 1 review
Hospitalisation ‐ not reported · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
3 findings from 1 review
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
Mortality ‐ not reported · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
3 findings from 1 review
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
Number of days missed at school or daycare ‐ not measured · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
3 findings from 1 review
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
Cost ‐ not measured · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
3 findings from 1 review
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
Gastrointestinal adverse events · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
Xylitol showed no clear difference in gastrointestinal‐related adverse events compared with control (moderate certainty).
3 findings from 1 review
RR 1.04 [0.92, 1.16]
1 study · 326 participants
Moderate
RR 1.43 [0.74, 2.75]
3 studies · 1826 participants
Moderate
RR 2.82 [0.61, 13]
1 study · 1277 participants
Moderate
Antibiotic administration · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
Xylitol showed no clear difference in antibiotic administration compared with control (moderate certainty).
2 findings from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in children with HIV infection ‐ isoniazid prophylaxis only · children with HIV infection aged 12 years and under
The intervention showed no clear difference in incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in children with HIV infection ‐… (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review