Intervention not reported
Incentives vs alternative interventions 7 · Pregnant women who smoke
The intervention leads to higher incentives vs alternative interventions 7 (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Social support vs less intensive interventions 9 · Pregnant women who smoke
The intervention showed no clear difference in social support vs less intensive interventions 9 (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Exercise vs usual care · Pregnant women who smoke
The intervention showed no clear difference in exercise vs usual care (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Other (active dissemination vs passive dissemination) · Pregnant women who smoke
The intervention showed no clear difference in other (active dissemination vs passive dissemination) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Duration of second stage (minutes) · women in the second stage of labour without epidural anaesthesia
1 finding from 1 review
Mode of birth: assisted birth · women in the second stage of labour without epidural anaesthesia
Any upright probably leads to lower mode of birth: assisted birth compared with supine position (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Caesarean section · women in the second stage of labour without epidural anaesthesia
Any upright showed no clear difference in mode of birth: caesarean section compared with supine position (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
2nd degree tear · women in the second stage of labour without epidural anaesthesia
Any upright showed no clear difference in trauma to the birth canal that required suturing: second degree… compared with supine position (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Trauma to the birth canal that required suturing: third/fourth degree tears · women in the second stage of labour without epidural anaesthesia
It is very uncertain whether any upright changes trauma to the birth canal that required suturing: third/fourth… compared with supine position (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Blood loss > 500 mL · women in the second stage of labour without epidural anaesthesia
Any upright probably leads to higher blood loss > 500 mL compared with supine position (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women in the second stage of labour without epidural anaesthesia
Any upright showed no clear difference in admission to neonatal intensive care unit compared with supine position (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · women in the third trimester for induction of labour.
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Neonatal death or serious neonatal perinatal morbidity · women in the third trimester for induction of labour.
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · induction of labour.
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes ‐ not reported · induction of labour.
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Caesarean section · induction of labour.
Acupuncture showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with sweeping of fetal membranes (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Serious maternal morbidity or death · induction of labour.
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Neonatal death or serious neonatal perinatal morbidity · induction of labour.
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · women in the third trimester for induction of labour.
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes ‐ not reported · women in the third trimester for induction of labour.
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found