Findings

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,289 questions · 2,331 findings · 195 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

No studies found 480 · 20.6%GRADE not reported 288 · 12.4%Very low 467 · 20%Low 630 · 27%Moderate 338 · 14.5%High 128 · 5.5%

Early initiation of epidural analgesia vs Late initiation

Caesarean section · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)

Early initiation of epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with late initiation (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early initiation of epidural analgesia vs Late initiation

Instrumental delivery · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)

Early initiation of epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in instrumental delivery compared with late initiation (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early initiation of epidural analgesia vs Late initiation

Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)

Early initiation of epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in apgar score <7 at 5 min compared with late initiation (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lanolin vs expressed breast milk

Nipple pain Women's reports of 'absence of irritation' · breastfeeding women with sore nipples

Lanolin showed no clear difference in nipple pain Women's reports of 'absence of irritation' compared with expressed breast milk (low certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Treatment of eclampsia: loading dose alone vs loading dose + maintenance regimen

Recurrence of convulsions · women with eclampsia

It is very uncertain whether treatment of eclampsia: loading dose alone changes recurrence of convulsion compared with loading dose plus maintenance dose regimen (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Treatment of eclampsia: lower‐dose regimens vs standard‐dose strategies

Death of the baby before discharge: perinatal death · women with eclampsia

It is very uncertain whether treatment of eclampsia: lower‐dose regimens changes death of the baby before discharge: perinatal death: lower dose… compared with standard‐dose regimens (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Treatment of eclampsia: IV maintenance vs standard IM maintenance regimen

Death of the baby before discharge: stillbirth · women with eclampsia

It is very uncertain whether treatment of eclampsia: IV maintenance changes death of the baby before discharge: stillbirth compared with standard IM maintenance regimen (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Treatment of eclampsia: IV maintenance vs standard IM maintenance regimen

Death of the baby before discharge: neonatal death · women with eclampsia

It is very uncertain whether treatment of eclampsia: IV maintenance changes death of the baby before discharge: neonatal death compared with standard IM maintenance regimen (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review