Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,710 questions · 14,842 findings · 1,394 reviews

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No studies found 2,880 · 19.4%GRADE not reported 1,413 · 9.5%Very low 3,103 · 20.9%Low 3,870 · 26.1%Moderate 2,663 · 17.9%High 913 · 6.2%

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NMDA receptor antagonists vs no treatment, placebo, oral sweet solution, or non‐pharmacological intervention

Pain score assessed up to 10 minutes after the procedure · procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NMDA receptor antagonists vs no treatment, placebo, oral sweet solution, or non‐pharmacological intervention

Episodes of bradycardia · procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NMDA receptor antagonists vs no treatment, placebo, oral sweet solution, or non‐pharmacological intervention

Episodes of apnea · procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NMDA receptor antagonists vs no treatment, placebo, oral sweet solution, or non‐pharmacological intervention

Hypotension requiring medical therapy (vasopressors or fluid boluses), occurring during the procedure · procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Beta‐blockers vs placebo

Improvement in vertigo · people with vestibular migraine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for prophylaxis of vestibular migraine 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Beta‐blockers vs placebo

Change in vertigo frequency · people with vestibular migraine

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for prophylaxis of vestibular migraine 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 114 participants
Low

Beta‐blockers vs placebo

Serious adverse events · people with vestibular migraine

It is very uncertain whether beta‐blockers changes serious adverse events compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for prophylaxis of vestibular migraine 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.63 [0.24, 1.67]
1 study · 121 participants
Very low

SSRIs or SNRIs vs placebo or no treatment

Improvement in vertigo · adults with PPPD

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for persistent postural‐perceptual dizziness (PPPD) 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

SSRIs or SNRIs vs placebo or no treatment

Change in vertigo · adults with PPPD

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for persistent postural‐perceptual dizziness (PPPD) 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

SSRIs or SNRIs vs placebo or no treatment

Serious adverse events · adults with PPPD

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for persistent postural‐perceptual dizziness (PPPD) 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Component · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Varenicline · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention showed no clear difference in varenicline (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.18 [0.93, 1.49]
42 studies · 13407 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Cytisine · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention showed no clear difference in cytisine (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.94 [0.58, 1.5]
5 studies · 2915 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Nicotine patch · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention showed no clear difference in nicotine patch (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.96 [0.71, 1.29]
27 studies · 12602 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Fast‐acting NRT (nicotine other) · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention showed no clear difference in fast‐acting NRT (nicotine other) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.07 [0.75, 1.54]
18 studies · 5551 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Nicotine EC · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention showed no clear difference in nicotine EC (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.79 [0.5, 1.23]
7 studies · 1642 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Bupropion · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention showed no clear difference in bupropion (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.35 [0.97, 1.92]
22 studies · 7231 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Nortriptyline · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Specially processed cereals vs placebo

Improvement in vertigo · Ménière’s disease

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Lifestyle and dietary interventions for Ménière’s disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Specially processed cereals vs placebo

Change in vertigo · Ménière’s disease

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Lifestyle and dietary interventions for Ménière’s disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found