Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,970 questions · 2,433 findings · 231 reviews

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No studies found 303 · 12.5%GRADE not reported 759 · 31.2%Very low 357 · 14.7%Low 476 · 19.6%Moderate 418 · 17.2%High 120 · 4.9%

LABA/ICS vs LABA

Pneumonia: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/ICS leads to higher pneumonia: low‐risk population compared with LABA (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.64 [1.25, 2.14]
6 studies · 6705 participants
High

LAMA vs LABA

Moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LAMA leads to lower moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LABA (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.84 [0.76, 0.92]
1 study · 7376 participants
High

LAMA vs LABA

Moderate to severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LAMA showed no clear difference in moderate to severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.92 [0.79, 1.07]
5 studies · 4567 participants
Moderate

LAMA vs LABA

Severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LAMA showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.88 [0.78, 1.01]
1 study · 7376 participants
Moderate

LAMA vs LABA

Severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LAMA showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LABA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.64 [0.36, 1.13]
4 studies · 3320 participants
Low

LAMA vs LABA

Pneumonia: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LAMA showed no clear difference in pneumonia: high‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.83 [0.61, 1.13]
2 studies · 10815 participants
Moderate

LAMA vs LABA

Pneumonia: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LAMA showed no clear difference in pneumonia: low‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.01 [0.61, 1.69]
10 studies · 11338 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LABA/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.66 [0.27, 1.63]
4 studies · 2860 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Pneumonia: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA probably leads to lower pneumonia: high‐risk population compared with LABA/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.62 [0.4, 0.96]
1 study · 3358 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Pneumonia: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA probably leads to lower pneumonia: low‐risk population compared with LABA/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.43 [0.19, 0.97]
7 studies · 5395 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LAMA

Moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LAMA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.06 [0.89, 1.27]
1 study · 2206 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LAMA

Moderate to severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in moderate to severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LAMA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.93 [0.66, 1.3]
8 studies · 5192 participants
Low

LABA/LAMA vs LAMA

Severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LAMA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.73 [0.45, 1.16]
1 study · 304 participants
Moderate

More intensive vs less intensive counselling

Smoking cessation · people who smoke

More intensive leads to higher smoking cessation at longest compared with less intensive counselling (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Individual behavioural counselling for smoking cessation 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.29 [1.09, 1.53]
11 studies · 2920 participants
High

Chemotherapy alone vs same chemotherapy plus radiotherapy

Secondary malignant neoplasms · Patients with untreated Hodgkin lymphoma (early and advanced stages)

Chemotherapy alone may leads to lower secondary malignant neoplasms compared with same chemotherapy plus radiotherapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Optimisation of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for untreated Hodgkin lymphoma patients with respect to second malignant… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.43 [0.23, 0.82]
3 studies · 1011 participants
Low

Fewer vs more courses of chemotherapy (with or without radiotherapy

Secondary malignant neoplasms · Patients with untreated Hodgkin lymphoma (early stages)

Fewer showed no clear difference in secondary malignant neoplasms compared with more courses of chemotherapy (with or without radiotherapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Optimisation of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for untreated Hodgkin lymphoma patients with respect to second malignant… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.1 [0.74, 1.62]
3 studies · 2403 participants
Moderate

Fewer vs more courses of chemotherapy (with or without radiotherapy

Death · Patients with untreated Hodgkin lymphoma (early stages)

Fewer showed no clear difference in death compared with more courses of chemotherapy (with or without radiotherapy (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Optimisation of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for untreated Hodgkin lymphoma patients with respect to second malignant… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
HR 0.99 [0.73, 1.34]
3 studies · 2403 participants
High

Fewer vs more courses of chemotherapy (with or without radiotherapy

Progression/relapse · Patients with untreated Hodgkin lymphoma (early stages)

Fewer showed no clear difference in progression/relapse compared with more courses of chemotherapy (with or without radiotherapy (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Optimisation of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for untreated Hodgkin lymphoma patients with respect to second malignant… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
HR 1.15 [0.91, 1.45]
3 studies · 2403 participants
High

Dose‐intensified chemotherapy vs ABVD‐like chemotherapy (with or without radiotherapy

Secondary malignant neoplasms · Patients with untreated Hodgkin lymphoma (advanced stages)

Dose‐intensified chemotherapy showed no clear difference in secondary malignant neoplasms compared with ABVD‐like chemotherapy (with or without radiotherapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Optimisation of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for untreated Hodgkin lymphoma patients with respect to second malignant… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.37 [0.89, 2.1]
7 studies · 2996 participants
Low

Dose‐intensified chemotherapy vs ABVD‐like chemotherapy (with or without radiotherapy

Death · Patients with untreated Hodgkin lymphoma (advanced stages)

Dose‐intensified chemotherapy showed no clear difference in death compared with ABVD‐like chemotherapy (with or without radiotherapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Optimisation of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for untreated Hodgkin lymphoma patients with respect to second malignant… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
HR 0.85 [0.7, 1.04]
7 studies · 2996 participants
Moderate