Improvement in symptoms: number of participants with clinically significant improvement: using TDI focal score (≥ 1 unit) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Indacaterol showed no clear difference in number of participants with a clinically significant improvement in… compared with twice‐daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Exercise capacity (5‐ or 6‐minute walking distance on cylinder air) · adults with COPD who had exertional dyspnoea but did not fulfil the criteria for long‐term oxygen treatment
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Mortality · adults with COPD who had exertional dyspnoea but did not fulfil the criteria for long‐term oxygen treatment
The intervention showed no clear difference in mortality (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Quality of life (dyspnoea) Measured on the CRQ, the output is a number from 0 to 7, where higher on the scale is better. MID is 0.5. · adults with COPD who had exertional dyspnoea but did not fulfil the criteria for long‐term oxygen treatment
The intervention probably leads to higher quality of life (dyspnoea) Measured on the CRQ, the output is a… (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Dyspnoea · adults with COPD who had exertional dyspnoea but did not fulfil the criteria for long‐term oxygen treatment
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Adverse events · adults with COPD who had exertional dyspnoea but did not fulfil the criteria for long‐term oxygen treatment
The intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Hospitalisations · adults with COPD who had exertional dyspnoea but did not fulfil the criteria for long‐term oxygen treatment
1 finding from 1 review
Death ‐ 2 years · patients with people with severe mental illnesses
It is very uncertain whether SHORT changes death ‐ 2 years compared with LONG HOSPITAL STAY (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Service outcomes: 3. Leaving hospital prematurely ‐ by 2 years Participants leaving the study prematurely · patients with people with severe mental illnesses
SHORT showed no clear difference in service outcomes: 3. Leaving hospital prematurely ‐ by 2 years… compared with LONG HOSPITAL STAY (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Service outcomes: 4. Discharge delayed beyond the time planned in study ‐ 2‐year data Number of participants kept beyond projected time of discharge · patients with people with severe mental illnesses
SHORT may leads to lower service outcomes: 4. Discharge delayed beyond the time planned in… compared with LONG HOSPITAL STAY (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
General functioning: Unemployed, unable to housekeep or unknown employment status ‐ by 2 years Number of participants with poor occupational functioning in 2 years · patients with people with severe mental illnesses
It is very uncertain whether SHORT changes general functioning: Unemployed, unable to housekeep or unknown… compared with LONG HOSPITAL STAY (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Persistent bacteriuria · children with acute pyelonephritis
Short duration (3 to 4 days) showed no clear difference in persistent bacteriuria after treatment compared with long duration (7 to 14 days) IV therapy (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Recurrent UTI within 6 months · children with acute pyelonephritis
Short duration (3 to 4 days) showed no clear difference in recurrent UTI within 6 months compared with long duration (7 to 14 days) IV therapy (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Persistent renal damage at 3 to 6 months: all included children with acute pyelonephritis · children with acute pyelonephritis
Short duration (3 to 4 days) showed no clear difference in persistent renal damage at 3 to 6 months: all included children with… compared with long duration (7 to 14 days) IV therapy (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Persistent renal damage at 3 to 6 months: children with initial renal parenchymal damage on initial DMSA scan · children with acute pyelonephritis
Short duration (3 to 4 days) showed no clear difference in persistent renal damage at 3 to 6 months: children with initial… compared with long duration (7 to 14 days) IV therapy (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Clinical failure—primary outcome (by intention‐to‐treat analysis) · children with chronic cough of unknown origin lasting longer than 4 weeks
The intervention probably leads to lower clinical failure—primary outcome (by intention‐to‐treat analysis) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
PC‐QOL mean score at 6 weeks PC‐QOL is a 27‐item questionnaire. Each question has a 7‐point score ranging from 1 (worst quality of life) to 7 (best quality of life). Scores for each item were added and the average taken · children with chronic cough of unknown origin lasting longer than 4 weeks
The intervention probably leads to higher PC‐QOL mean score at 6 weeks PC‐QOL is a 27‐item questionnaire. Each… (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Duration of cough post randomisation · children with chronic cough of unknown origin lasting longer than 4 weeks
The intervention showed no clear difference in duration of cough post randomisation (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Proportion of adverse events experienced · children with chronic cough of unknown origin lasting longer than 4 weeks
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Moderate
Intervention not reported
Proportions of participants experiencing adverse events or complications · children with chronic cough of unknown origin lasting longer than 4 weeks
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Moderate