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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

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Review versions

1,751 questions in 147 reviews · Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care

current versions

No studies 361 · 20.6%Ungraded 87 · 5%Very low 625 · 35.7%Low 367 · 21%Moderate 232 · 13.2%High 79 · 4.5%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Ibuprofen 300 mg vs active comparator (acetaminophen) Median time to use of rescue medication · health problem or population Single‐dose intravenous ibuprofen for acute postoperative pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 151 participants	Very low
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Ibuprofen 300 mg vs active comparator (acetaminophen) Number of participants reporting or experiencing any adverse event · health problem or population Single‐dose intravenous ibuprofen for acute postoperative pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	RR 1.27 [1.02, 1.59]	1 study · 151 participants	Very low
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Ibuprofen 300 mg vs active comparator (acetaminophen) Number of participants reporting or experiencing a serious adverse event · health problem or population Single‐dose intravenous ibuprofen for acute postoperative pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 1 participants	Very low
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Ibuprofen vs Placebo Number of participants with at least 50% pain relief at 6 hours · health problem or population Single‐dose intravenous ibuprofen for acute postoperative pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	RR 1.44 [0.77, 2.66]	1 study · 126 participants	Very low
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Ibuprofen vs Placebo Number of participants using rescue medication over a 4‐hour period and over a 6‐hour period postintervention ‐ not reported · health problem or population Single‐dose intravenous ibuprofen for acute postoperative pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Ibuprofen vs Placebo Median time to use of rescue medication (use of rescue medication) · health problem or population Single‐dose intravenous ibuprofen for acute postoperative pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 126 participants	Very low
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Ibuprofen vs Placebo Number of participants reporting or experiencing any adverse event · health problem or population Single‐dose intravenous ibuprofen for acute postoperative pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.98 [0.81, 1.19]	1 study · 126 participants	Low
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Ibuprofen vs Placebo Number of participants reporting or experiencing a serious adverse event · health problem or population Single‐dose intravenous ibuprofen for acute postoperative pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 1 participants	Very low
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Ibuprofen 300 mg vs active comparator (acetaminophen) Number of participants with at least 50% pain relief at 4 hours · health problem or population Single‐dose intravenous ibuprofen for acute postoperative pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.91 [0.58, 1.43]	1 study · 151 participants	Very low
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Ibuprofen 300 mg vs active comparator (acetaminophen) Number of participants with at least 50% pain relief at 6 hours · health problem or population Single‐dose intravenous ibuprofen for acute postoperative pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	RR 1.03 [0.64, 1.66]	1 study · 151 participants	Very low
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Ibuprofen 300 mg vs active comparator (acetaminophen) Number of participants using rescue medication over a 4‐hour period and over a 6‐hour period postintervention ‐ not reported · health problem or population Single‐dose intravenous ibuprofen for acute postoperative pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Active stimulation vs placebo (sham) Pain intensity continuous outcomes. (VAS 0 ‐ 100) · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	6 studies · 164 participants	Very low
Active stimulation vs placebo (sham) Adverse events: Lead failure/ displacement · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Active stimulation vs placebo (sham) Adverse events: Need for reoperation/ reimplantation · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Active stimulation vs placebo (sham) Pain intensity, continuous outcomes (VAS 0 ‐ 100) · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Active stimulation vs placebo (sham) Adverse events: Need for reoperation/reimplantation · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone Pain intensity continuous outcomes. (VAS 0‐100, higher scores = worse pain) · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 303 participants	Very low
Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone Pain intensity. Proportion with ≥ 50% pain relief. · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	RR 15.9 [6.7, 37.74]	2 studies · 249 participants	Very low
Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone Adverse event: lead failure/ displacement · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone Adverse events: infection · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone Adverse events: need for reoperation/ reimplantation · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone Adverse events: other · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Active stimulation vs placebo (sham) Pain intensity. Proportion with ≥ 50% pain relief. · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone Pain intensity, continuous outcomes (VAS 0 ‐ 100, higher scores = worse pain) · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 635 participants	Low
Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone Pain intensity. Proportion with ≥50% pain relief. · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	RR 7.08 [3.4, 14.71]	5 studies · 597 participants	Low
Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone Adverse events:lead failure/ displacement · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	RR 3.02 [0.52, 17.58]	3 studies · 330 participants	Very low
Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone Adverse events:infection · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	RR 4.83 [1.09, 21.4]	4 studies · 548 participants	Low
Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone Pain intensity, continuous outcomes (VAS 0 ‐ 100, higher scores = worse pain) (5 years · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 44 participants	Very low
Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone Pain intensity. Proportion with ≥ 50% pain relief. (2‐year · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	RR 15.15 [2.11, 108.91]	1 study · 87 participants	Very low
Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone Adverse events: lead failure/ displacement · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	RR 15.31 [0.99, 237.16]	1 study · 44 participants	Very low
Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone Adverse events: need for reoperation/reimplantation · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	RR 25.81 [1.69, 393.31]	1 study · 44 participants	Very low
Active stimulation vs placebo (sham) Adverse event: lead failure/ displacement · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Active stimulation vs placebo (sham) Adverse events: infection · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Active stimulation vs placebo (sham) Adverse events: need for reoperation/ reimplantation · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Active stimulation vs placebo (sham) Adverse events: other · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Active stimulation vs placebo (sham) Pain intensity, continuous outcomes(VAS 0 ‐ 100) · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Active stimulation vs placebo (sham) Pain intensity. Proportion with ≥50% pain relief. · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Active stimulation vs placebo (sham) Adverse events: Infection · adults with chronic pain Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Symptom relief · Patients with COVID‐19 Interventions for palliative symptom control in COVID‐19 patients (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 5 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Quality of life · Patients with COVID‐19 Interventions for palliative symptom control in COVID‐19 patients (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Intervention NR Symptom burden · Patients with COVID‐19 Interventions for palliative symptom control in COVID‐19 patients (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Intervention NR Satisfaction of patients · Patients with COVID‐19 Interventions for palliative symptom control in COVID‐19 patients (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Intervention NR Satisfaction of caregiversÂ · Patients with COVID‐19 Interventions for palliative symptom control in COVID‐19 patients (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Intervention NR Satisfaction of relatives · Patients with COVID‐19 Interventions for palliative symptom control in COVID‐19 patients (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Intervention NR Serious adverse eventsÂ · Patients with COVID‐19 Interventions for palliative symptom control in COVID‐19 patients (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Intervention NR Grade 3 to 4 adverse eventsÂ · Patients with COVID‐19 Interventions for palliative symptom control in COVID‐19 patients (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Intervention NR N/A: Not applicableÂ · Patients with COVID‐19 Interventions for palliative symptom control in COVID‐19 patients (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings: haloperidol vs placebo Symptoms of delirium within 24 hoursa · terminally ill adults with delirium Drug therapy for delirium in terminally ill adults (2020) · Cochrane	MD 0.34	1 study · 133 participants	Low
Summary of findings: haloperidol vs risperidone Adverse events including extrapyramidal effects · terminally ill adults with delirium Drug therapy for delirium in terminally ill adults (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings: haloperidol vs olanzapine Symptoms of delirium within 24 hoursa · terminally ill adults with delirium Drug therapy for delirium in terminally ill adults (2020) · Cochrane	MD 2.36	1 study · 28 participants	Very low